CHAPTER 21 "Third and Fourth Conjugations: Passive Voice of Indicative and Present Infinitive" SYSTEMS OF VERBS REVIEWED In Chapter 18 you learned the passive voice of the present system of tenses -- the present, future and imperfect -- for first and second conjugation verbs. I also added in my notes the third and fourth conjugations, although Wheelock didn't take them up. You'll see in the chapter that the third and forth conjugation verbs follow the same rules for forming the passive voice in the present system as those governing first and second conjugation verbs. Let's do a little review for a moment. Latin verbs have four principal parts. Let's look at them in reverse order. The fourth principal part is the perfect passive participle, and it is used with a conjugated form of the verb "sum" to form the perfect passive system: Perfect Passive: 4th prin. part.+ present of "sum" Pluperfect Passive: 4th prin. part + imperfect of "sum" Future Perfect Passive: 4th prin. part + future of "sum" An important feature to notice about the perfect system passive is that the formulae given above for the three tenses apply to all four conjugations of Latin verbs. Once you get to the fourth principal part of a verb, there is only one set of formulae for forming the different perfect tenses passive. How do you form the perfect tense passive of a first conjugation verb; say "laudo"? The fourth principal part is "laudatus (-a, -um)", so it's like this: laudatus (-a, -um) sum laudatus (-a, -um) es laudatus (-a, -um) est laudati (-ae, -a) sumus laudati (-ae, -a) estis laudati (-ae, -a) sunt Now form the perfect tense passive of a fourth conjugation verb; "audio, -ire, audivi, auditus". You follow precisely the same formula set out above: the fourth principal part + "sum" auditus (-a, -um) sum auditus (-a, -um) es auditus (-a, -um) est auditi (-ae, -a) sumus auditi (-ae, -a) estis auditi (-ae, -a) sunt Do you see? Even though "laudo" and "audio" are verbs of different conjugations, their perfect system passive are formed according to the same rules. The perfect system active, similarly, follows the same rules for all four conjugations. To form this system of tenses, you simply find the third principal part of the verb you wish to conjugate and add the perfect system personal endings: PERFECT PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT -i -eram -ero -isti -eras -eris -it -erat -erit 3rd prin. part + -imus -eramus -erimus -istis -eratis -eritis -erunt -erant -erint The purpose of this review is to remind you that verbs of different conjugations differ from one another only in the present system. Strictly speaking, therefore, it is meaningless to talk about forming the perfect system of a first, second, third or fourth conjugation verb. All Latin verb work the same way in the perfect system -- active and passive. So, the only tense system in which the different conjugations follow different rules is the present system -- in the system which uses the first principal part as its stem. The four conjugations, nevertheless, share many common features. Let's review these differences and similarities. (1) All four conjugations use the same personal endings in the active and passive voices for all three tenses. Write out the personal endings for the present system tenses: ACTIVE PASSIVE 1st ____________ ____________ 2nd ____________ ____________ 3rd ____________ ____________ 1st ____________ ____________ 2nd ____________ ____________ 3rd ____________ ____________ (2) The imperative mood is formed the same way -- first principal part + endings. What are the formulae? SINGULAR: 1st principal part + __________ PLURAL: 1st principal part + __________ (3) The active infinitives from all conjugations are formed the same way: 1st principal part + "-re". (4) The imperfect tense in all the conjugations is formed the same way: First Principal Part + ba + active or passive pers. end. But there are also differences among the conjugations in the present system: (1) The first and most obvious difference among the conjugations in the present system is the stem (or thematic) vowels. This is vowel which appears at the end of the stem, directly before the conjugated endings of the verb. What are the stem vowels for the conjugations? CONJUGATION STEM VOWEL FIRST __________ SECOND __________ THIRD __________ FOURTH __________ (2) Another substantial difference among the declensions has to do with the formation of the future tense. (a) First and second conjugation verbs form the future by inserting the tense sign "-be-" (short "-e-") between the first principal part and the personal endings (whether active or passive). (b) But the third and fourth conjugations use the vowels "-a-" and "-e-" as their tense signs for the future. Then they add on the personal endings. Let's do a fast review of all the conjugations in the future tense active voice. Write out the future tense of these verbs. I II III III-i IV laudo moneo duco capio audio ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ REVIEW OF THE PRESENT SYSTEM IN THE PASSIVE VOICE You know the present system passive for the first and second conjugation verbs, and you saw that there was nothing very difficult about it. The only difference between the active and passive voices is the different set of personal endings each uses. (1) To form the present tense passive, you add the passive personal endings to the end of the first principal part. (2) To form the future tense passive, you add the passive personal endings to the stem + the tense sign for the future. (In the first and second conjugations the tense sign for the future is "-be-".) (3) To form the imperfect tense passive, you add the passive personal endings to the first principal part + the tense sign for the imperfect tense -- "-ba-". Write out the present system passive of these first and second conjugation verbs: "amo"; "deleo". FIRST CONJUGATION: PRESENT SYSTEM, PASSIVE VOICE amo (1) PRESENT FUTURE IMPERFECT 1st _______________ _______________ _______________ 2nd _______________ _______________ _______________ 3rd _______________ _______________ _______________ 1st _______________ _______________ _______________ 2nd _______________ _______________ _______________ 3rd _______________ _______________ _______________ SECOND CONJUGATION: PRESENT SYSTEM, PASSIVE VOICE deleo (2) PRESENT FUTURE IMPERFECT 1st _______________ _______________ _______________ 2nd _______________ _______________ _______________ 3rd _______________ _______________ _______________ 1st _______________ _______________ _______________ 2nd _______________ _______________ _______________ 3rd _______________ _______________ _______________ ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICES OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION Now look again at the rules for forming the present system passive up above. Third and fourth conjugation verbs follow these rules to the letter. (1) Present tense passive is the first principal part + passive personal endings. (2) The future passive is the first principal part + the tense sign for the future + passive personal endings. (3) The imperfect passive is the first principal part + the tense sign for the imperfect + the passive personal endings. Essentially what you're doing is simply replacing the active personal endings with the passive. Let's have a look at the present tense passive for a third conjugation verb. The stem vowel of a third conjugation verb is short "-e-", but the vowel undergoes some changes when you start adding personal endings to it: (a) it is completely absorbed by the "-o" of the first person singular; (b) it becomes short "-i-" before all the other personal endings except the third person plural; (c) it becomes short "-u-" before the "-nt" of the third person plural. Okay, now try to guess what the present passive forms of a third conjugation verb are going to be. First write down the present tense active of "duco", then go back and change the personal endings from the active to the passive. (Check your answers in Wheelock, p. 97.) PRESENT TENSE: ACTIVE AND PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE 1st _______________ _______________ 2nd _______________ _______________ 3rd _______________ _______________ 1st _______________ _______________ 2nd _______________ _______________ 3rd _______________ _______________ Now let's do the same thing for the future of "duco". Remember, all you're doing is changing the active endings to the passive endings. FUTURE TENSE: ACTIVE AND PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE 1st _______________ _______________ 2nd _______________ _______________ 3rd _______________ _______________ 1st _______________ _______________ 2nd _______________ _______________ 3rd _______________ _______________ Now for something truly horrifying. Write the present and the future tense passive 2nd person singular of "duco" next to each other: PRESENT FUTURE _______________ _______________ The only difference between these two tenses is the length of the vowel "-e-". In the present tense, it's short, because it represents the original stem vowel, which is a short "-e-" in the third conjugation. In the future tense, the "-e-" is long, because this time the "-e-" is the tense sign for the future. The length of the vowel -- and hence the location of the stress accent -- is the only difference between the present and future second person passive: the present "ducris" is pronounced "DOO ki ris"; the future "duceris" is pronounced "doo KEH ris". Now let's look at the imperfect tense of the "duco". First write down the form for the active voice, then change it to the passive voice by substituting the active personal endings with the passive personal endings. IMPERFECT TENSE: ACTIVE AND PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE 1st _______________ _______________ 2nd _______________ _______________ 3rd _______________ _______________ 1st _______________ _______________ 2nd _______________ _______________ 3rd _______________ _______________ ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICES OF THIRD CONJUGATION I-STEM So let's go on to the third conjugation "i-stem". The first thing to do is to remain calm. The third conjugation "i-stem" forms its passive voice according to the same rules the "non i-stem" conjugation follows. You're simply going to alter the active forms by replacing the active personal endings with the passive endings. This means that wherever the extra "-i-" shows up in the active voice, it'll show up in the passive voice as well. Write down the active forms first, and then change them to the passive: "capio". THIRD CONJUGATION I-STEM PRESENT ACTIVE PASSIVE 1st ____________________ ____________________ 2nd ____________________ ____________________ 3rd ____________________ ____________________ 1st ____________________ ____________________ 2nd ____________________ ____________________ 3rd ____________________ ____________________ FUTURE ACTIVE PASSIVE 1st ____________________ ____________________ 2nd ____________________ ____________________ 3rd ____________________ ____________________ 1st ____________________ ____________________ 2nd ____________________ ____________________ 3rd ____________________ ____________________ IMPERFECT ACTIVE PASSIVE 1st ____________________ ____________________ 2nd ____________________ ____________________ 3rd ____________________ ____________________ 1st ____________________ ____________________ 2nd ____________________ ____________________ 3rd ____________________ ____________________ ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICES OF THE FOURTH CONJUGATION And now, finally, the fourth conjugation. You'll have no trouble with this conjugation, if you remember that the stem vowel is long "-i-". Use "audio". FOURTH CONJUGATION PRESENT ACTIVE PASSIVE 1st ____________________ ____________________ 2nd ____________________ ____________________ 3rd ____________________ ____________________ 1st ____________________ ____________________ 2nd ____________________ ____________________ 3rd ____________________ ____________________ FUTURE ACTIVE PASSIVE 1st ____________________ ____________________ 2nd ____________________ ____________________ 3rd ____________________ ____________________ 1st ____________________ ____________________ 2nd ____________________ ____________________ 3rd ____________________ ____________________ IMPERFECT ACTIVE PASSIVE 1st ____________________ ____________________ 2nd ____________________ ____________________ 3rd ____________________ ____________________ 1st ____________________ ____________________ 2nd ____________________ ____________________ 3rd ____________________ ____________________ THE PASSIVE INFINITIVES OF THE THIRD AND FOURTH CONJUGATIONS To form the passive infinitive of first and second conjugation verbs, you simply replace the normal "-re" ending with "-ri". This is how you form the passive infinitive of fourth conjugation verbs as well. Hence, 1st Conjugation amare "to love" amari "to be loved" 2nd Conjugation delere "to destroy" deleri "to be destroyed" 4th Conjugation audire "to hear" audiri "to be heard" Notice that these three conjugation have something in common. In each the stem vowel is long: "ama-", "dele", and "audi-". Hence they form their present passive infinitives the same way. But this leave the third conjugation, both "i-stem" and "non i-stem" unaccounted for, because third conjugation verbs have a short stem vowel: short "-e-". To form the passive infinitive of third conjugation verbs, you drop the stem vowel and replace it with long "-i". Hence Non I-Stem ducere "to lead" duci "to be led" I-Stem capere "to capture" capi "to be captured" DRILLS Work through Wheelock's Self-Help Tutorials for this chapter to see whether you've thoroughly understood the material. Then try these exercises for a little more practice. Reverse the voice of these sentences. 1. Homines saepe malam laudem audiunt. ____________________________________________________________ 2. Ab quibus discipulis hi versus legebantur? ____________________________________________________________ 3. Iste tyrannus omnes civitates capiet. ____________________________________________________________ 4. Nostri amici nos adiuvabant. ____________________________________________________________ 5. Tui amici te non neglegent. ____________________________________________________________ VOCABULARY PUZZLES causa, -ae (f) Note well the common use of causa to mean "for the sake of". In this usage, causa is used like a preposition: it is put into the ablative case and its object, which actually precedes it, is in the genitive case. E.g. "artis causa" = "for the sake of art". finis, -is (m) Look at what it means in the plural. quod You have to be careful with this word. As you probably remember, quod is the form used by the relative pronoun for the neuter nominative and accusative singular. 01/08/93