.nr PS 14 .nr VS 16 .nr LL 6.5i .ds CF -%- .rm CH .ds LH EVENT STRUCTURE .ds RH EVENT STRUCTURE .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B THE EVENT STRUCTURE METAPHORICAL SYSTEM .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Attributes are Entities .in 7m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: 'Attributes' refers to States and Properties. 'Entities' refers to Objects and Locations. See File: Attributes .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Attribution is Co-Location .in 7m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Association of an entity and an attribute is understood as co- location of that entity and that attribute. (Either location at a place, or possession of an object.) .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Change is Relative Motion .in 7m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Change is Motion of the entity and attribute relative to each other. See File: Change .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Causation is Control over Relative Location .in 7m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See File: Causation .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 5. Purposes are Desired Co-Locational Relations .in 7m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: 'Desired Co-Locational Relations' include desired locations and desired objects. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB EVENT STRUCTURE (LOCATION CASE) \fR .in 5m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See The File For This Metaphor: EventStructLoc .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP \fBSpecial sub-case 1:\fB States are Locations \fR .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP \fBSpecial sub-case 2:\fB Change is Motion \fR .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP \fBSpecial sub-case 3:\fB Causation is Control Over an Entity Relative to a Location \fR .in 7m .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 2:\fB EVENT STRUCTURE (OBJECT CASE) \fR .in 5m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See the File For This Metaphor: EventStructObj .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP \fBSpecial sub-case 1:\fB Properties are Possessions \fR .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP \fBSpecial sub-case 2:\fB Change is Getting/Losing \fR .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP \fBSpecial sub-case 3:\fB Causation is Control Over an Object Relative to a Possessor \fR .in 7m .ds LH EVENT STRUCTURE .KE .ds RH Event Structure (Location) .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B EVENT STRUCTURE (LOCATION CASE) .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: In this large metaphorical system we understand various aspects of being and acting as interaction between an entity and a landscape. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B STATES ARE LOCATIONS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See File on this Metaphor: States .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR locations .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR states .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B CHANGE IS MOTION .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBAlternate names:\fR CHANGE OF STATE IS CHANGE OF LOCATION .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR motion, change of location .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR change of state, change .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See File on this Metaphor: Change .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B CAUSATION IS CONTROL OVER AN ENTITY RELATIVE TO A LOCATION .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBAlternate names:\fR CAUSED CHANGE IS FORCED MOTION .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 1. MEANS OF CHANGE IS PATH OVER WHICH MOTION OCCURS .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 2. NECESSARY PREREQUISITE FOR CHANGE IS SOURCE OF MOVING ENTITY .in 7m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See File on These Metaphors: CausationLoc .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B SELF-INITIATED CHANGE OF STATE IS SELF-PROPELLED MOTION .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBAlternate names:\fR ACTING IS MOVING .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Given that change is motion to a new state, and that causation is control over an entity relative to a location, then if an action is conceptualized as self-caused change to a new state then this action is understood as self- propelled motion to the new location: .vs .ps .in .fi .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He exercised to the point of exhaustion. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See File on This Metaphor: Action .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B LONGTERM PURPOSEFUL CHANGE IS A JOURNEY .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See File: LongtermAction .vs .ps .in .fi .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: For metaphors involving the interaction between a purposeful actor and external events see the file: ExternalEvents .vs .ps .in .fi .ds LH EVENT STRUCTURE .KE .ds RH Event Structure (Object) .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B EVENT STRUCTURE (OBJECT CASE) .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: In this large metaphorical system we understand various aspects of being and acting as interaction between an entity and an object. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B PROPERTIES ARE POSSESSIONS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She has a pleasant disposition. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See File on This Metaphor: Properties .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B CHANGE IS GETTING/LOSING .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Getting a Property is Getting a Possession .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Losing a Property is Losing a Possession .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Regaing a Property is Regaining a Possession .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Purposes are Desired Possessions .in 7m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See File on This Metaphor: Change .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B CAUSATION IS CONTROL OVER AN OBJECT RELATIVE TO A POSSESSOR .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See File For This Metaphor: CausationObj .vs .ps .in .fi .ds LH EVENT STRUCTURE .KE .ds RH Attributes .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B ATTRIBUTES ARE ENTITIES .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR objects .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR attributes .ps .vs .in .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB STATES ARE LOCATIONS \fR .in 5m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See File on this Metaphor: States .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 2:\fB PROPERTIES ARE POSSESSIONS \fR .in 5m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See File on this Metaphor: Properties .vs .ps .in .fi .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is a highly abstract mapping. It is intended to reflect the structure held in common between STATES ARE LOCATIONS and PROPERTIES ARE POSSESSION. .vs .ps .in .fi .ds LH EVENT STRUCTURE .KE .ds RH States .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B STATES ARE LOCATIONS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR locations .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR states .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He is in love. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 What kind of a state was he in when you saw him? .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She can stay/remain silent for days. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He is at rest/at play. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He remained standing. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He is at a certain stage in his studies. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 What state is the project in? .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Purposes are Destinations .in 7m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBAlternate names:\fR Desired States are Desired Locations .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is a sub-metaphor of STATES ARE LOCATIONS .vs .ps .in .fi .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It took him hours to reach a state of perfect concentation. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Comparison of States is Comparison of Distance .in 7m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See File on this domain: Comparison .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB Harm is Being in Harmful Location \fR .in 5m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See File on this domain: HarmLoc .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 2:\fB Existence is a Location (Here) \fR .in 5m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See File on this domain: Existence .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 3:\fB Opportunities are Open Paths \fR .in 5m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See File: Opportunities .vs .ps .in .fi .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: STATES ARE LOCATIONS is part of an extensive metaphor for understanding not only States, but also Changes, Actions, Causes, and Means. The entire collection of these mappings, taken as a single large mapping with many parts, is called THE EVENT STRUCTURE METAPHOR. See the file: EventStructure. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B STATES ARE SHAPES .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 What shape is the car in? .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His prison stay failed to reform him. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This metaphor interacts with the metaphor CAUSES ARE PHYSICAL FORCES. This metaphor may actually be more narrow: STATES THAT ARE IMPORTANT TO PURPOSES ARE SHAPES. Thus one can be 'fit for service' or 'in no shape to drive' It may not be a way to talk about states IN GENERAL. This metaphor is often used transitively with SHAPES ARE CONTAINERS. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Social Interaction is Containment in a Prescribed Shape .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He doesn't fit in .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She's a square peg .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Ideal Physical State is a Canonical Shape .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She's getting in shape .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm out of shape .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's physically fit .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Change of State is Change of Shape .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Shape up! .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He is a conformist .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She's a reformed criminal .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Uses CAUSES ARE FORCES .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Appropriateness of a State is Fittingness .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The consequences were fitting .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He let the punishment fit the crime .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Jenn Hasty (185, '89), Alan Schwartz .ps .vs .in .ds LH EVENT STRUCTURE .KE .ds RH Properties .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B PROPERTIES ARE POSSESSIONS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She has a nice sense of humor. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He lost his tolerance for alcohol. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She gained a new equanimity. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He got his red hair from his mother. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He gave his son a sense of self-worth. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He gives his art a certain integrity. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Examples like "get sick" do not belong here. Notice that "He acquired a bad temper." is clearly PROPERTIES ARE POSSESSIONS, and means what we would expect--a bad temper is a fairly permanent trait. But "He got mad" is quite different--it is not permanent, and is actually more like a STATE! STATES ARE LOCATIONS is interacting transitively with LOCATIONS ARE POSSESSIONS to create something that looks very much like PROPERTIES ARE POSSESSIONS! .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Comparison of Properties is Comparison of Possessions .in 7m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See File on this: Comparison .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB Harm is Having a Harmful Possession \fR .in 5m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See File on this: HarmObj .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 2:\fB Harm is Lacking a Desired Possesion \fR .in 5m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See File on this: HarmObj .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 3:\fB Existence is an Object \fR .in 5m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See the File on this Metaphor: Existence .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 4:\fB Opportunities are Objects \fR .in 5m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See File: Opportunities .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B WELL-BEING IS WEALTH .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBAlternate names:\fR BENEFICIAL PROPERTIES ARE MONETARY POSSESSIONS .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I am the richest man in the world: I have the love of my family. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Music has enriched my life. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It is a poor man who has no love of himself. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The cynics of this world lead impoverished lives. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is like Properties are Possessions, but with the added stipulation that one only possesses beneficial properties. Detrimental properties are mapped as a LACK of possessions. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B PROPERTIES ARE CONTENTS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB Abilities are Entities inside a Person \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He doesn't have it in him to be polite to his in-laws. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He lacks internal/intestinal fortitude. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He has a great capacity for learning. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR Similar to EMOTIONS ARE ENTITIES INSIDE A PERSON .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR entities, objects .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR ability .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B PROPERTIES ARE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB IMPORTANCE IS A PHYSICAL PROPERTY \fR .in 5m .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Importance is Centrality .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Let's strip away all the unimportant details. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 What is central here? .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That's just a peripheral issue. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Importance is Interiority .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This is the core of the matter .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Importance is Size .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That's a big discovery. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He concentrates on little details. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Let's look at the larger issues. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That's a monumental discovery. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Mr. Big .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The big cheese .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He'll never amount to anything. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Importance is Depth .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 There's a deeper issue here. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That's a profound problem. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Let's ignore all the details on the surface. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 2:\fB PERFECT IS REGULAR \fR .in 5m .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Imperfect is Irregular .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 These are highly irregular proceedings. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 3:\fB AMOUNT IS A PHYSICAL PROPERTY \fR .in 5m .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Amount is Length .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's short of money. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's long on good looks. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's short on intelligence. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Amount is Verticality .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The number of people living in poverty went up. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Can you please decrease the number of assignments? .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Amount is Weight .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's a heavy smoker. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She was always a light drinker. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The bulk of the US population will soon be over 40. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Amount is Size .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Which of the two classes is bigger? .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He only has a little money. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm not a big eater. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: 'Big eater' may involve a metonymy. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 4:\fB VALUE IS SIZE \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Do you have anything smaller than a twenty? .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Can you break a twenty? .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I only have small change. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We don't accept any bill larger than a twenty. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: For other examples of Properties as Physical Properties see the following files: Morality Ability Emotion Anger .vs .ps .in .fi .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See also the Comparison file. .vs .ps .in .fi .ds LH EVENT STRUCTURE .KE .ds RH Change .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B CHANGE IS MOTION (Location) .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBAlternate names:\fR CHANGE OF STATE IS CHANGE OF LOCATION .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR motion, change of location .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR change of state, change .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He went from innocent to worldly. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She was nearly insane. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He slipped into a depression. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His hair went gray. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He went from laughing to crying. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She was nearly crying. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He went back to/returned to polishing the silver. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This metaphor can interact with a metonymy: Properties for the States with which they are associated, leading to examples like: .vs .ps .in .fi .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Over the years, she has gone from pigtails to perfume. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He went from all smiles to all frowns. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Change Within a State is Motion Within a Location .in 7m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is a sub-metaphor of CHANGE IS MOTION .vs .ps .in .fi .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He slipped farther into a depression. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Stopping Being in a State is Leaving a Location .in 7m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is a sub-metaphor of CHANGE IS MOTION .vs .ps .in .fi .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He came out of the coma with little long-term damage. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Self-Initiated Change of State (Action) is Self-Propelled Motion. .in 7m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See File on this: Action .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Self-Initiated, Long-Term, Purposeful Change is a Journey .in 7m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See File: LongtermAction .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 5. Progress is Forward Motion .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We fall back two steps for every one we take. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The project is going ahead as planned. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 How're things going? .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Things are at a standstill--no progress is being made. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See also file: Action .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 6. Harm is Preventing Forward Motion .in 7m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See File on this metaphor: HarmLoc .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B CHANGE IS GETTING/LOSING (Object) .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBAlternate names:\fR CHANGE OF PROPERTIES IS CHANGE OF POSSESSIONS .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR possession, gain, loss, getting, losing .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR change .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Getting a Property is Getting a Possession .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I keep getting these headaches. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP \fBSpecial sub-case 1:\fB Getting a Property is Eating \fR .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I could almost taste victory/defeat. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 ?Her mother kept her stuffed with self-doubt. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is an interaction between Getting a Property is Getting a Possession and Getting is Eating. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Losing a Property is Losing a Possession .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He lost his tolerance for alcohol. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Reganing a Property is Regaining a Possession .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She got her sense of humor back. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Purposes are Desired Possessions .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His reach exceeds his grasp. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B CHANGE OF STATE IS CHANGE OF DIRECTION .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He turned all funny. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He turned into a monster. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR direction, motion, movement .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR change .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This mapping implies that there should be a metaphor in which remaining in a state is moving in a straight line. Notice that turning "into" is more complex--is there a container? .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B CHANGE IS REPLACEMENT .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 After the experiment, the water was gone, and hydrogen and oxygen was in its place. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Under hypnosis, the sweet old lady was replaced by a scheming criminal. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The man I had known was gone, and in his place was an aging fool. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The jell-o liquid had been replaced by a rubbery mass. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR Related to PROPERTIES ARE POSSESSIONS .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBGrounding:\fR Generic-is-Specific .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR replacement, exchange .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR change, transformation, evolution .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: When drastic change occurs, the result is often so different from the source material, that we understand it as something different that has taken the source material's place. .vs .ps .in .fi .ds LH EVENT STRUCTURE .KE .ds RH Causation .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B CAUSATION IS CONTROL OVER RELATIVE LOCATION .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB CAUSATION IS CONTROL OVER LOCATION OF AFFECTED PARTY RELATIVE TO A LOCATION \fR .in 5m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See File: CausationLoc .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 2:\fB CAUSATION IS CONTROL OVER LOCATION OF AN OBJECT RELATIVE TO AN AFFECTED PARTY \fR .in 5m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See File: CausationObj .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B CAUSES AND EFFECTS ARE LINKED OBJECTS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The detective had to find the causal chain .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 What is the link between these two events? .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Hume spoke of a 'necessary connection' in causal events. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Smoking is tied to numerous varieties of cancer. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 1. A Repeating Causal Sequence is a Circle .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It's part of the endless cycle of abuse. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It's a vicious circle. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It's a circular argument. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B CAUSAL PRECEDENCE IS TEMPORAL PRECEDENCE .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 If she kicks me then I'll kick her. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's popular, hence he's always busy. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Since she insulted him he felt bad. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Water has to be at 212 before it boils. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ds LH EVENT STRUCTURE .KE .ds RH Causation (location case) .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B CAUSATION IS CONTROL OVER AN ENTITY RELATIVE TO A LOCATION .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBAlternate names:\fR CAUSED CHANGE IS FORCED MOTION .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR motion, control .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR cause, causation, change .ps .vs .in .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB CAUSED CHANGE OF STATE IS CONTROL OVER AN ENTITY RELATIVE TO A LOCATION \fR .in 5m .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Causing a New State is Moving the Affected Party to a New Location .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The news sent the crowd into a frenzy. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She brought the water to a boil. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I pulled him out of his depression. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Warm milk puts him to sleep. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Preventing a New State is Keeping the Affected Party from a New Location. .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He kept the conversation from sinking into banalities. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I held the conversation at a pretty friendly level. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Allowing a New State is Allowing Motion to a New Location .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She let the cat go from tame to quite wild. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: When the change of state is self-initiated (it is an action), this is understood as self-propelled motion. See the File on this: Action, see also LongtermAction and External Events .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 2:\fB CAUSED CHANGE OF ACTION IS CONTROL OVER AN ENTITY RELATIVE TO A LOCATION \fR .in 5m .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Causing a New Action is Moving the Affected Party to a New Location .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 A sharp word sent her back to polishing the silver. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Circumstances drove him to attempt suicide. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I got him to do it. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Notice that I claim that this 'get to' is the same as that found in "I got him to Chicago". .vs .ps .in .fi .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I pushed him into washing the dishes. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Preventing a New Action is Keeping the Affected Party from a New Location .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 What kept you from suing them all? .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 What prevented you FROM doing it? .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B MEANS OF CHANGE IS PATH OVER WHICH MOTION OCCURS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR motion, path .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR change, means .ps .vs .in .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB Means of Change of State is Path \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He went from fat to thin through an intensive exercise program. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 2:\fB Means of Change of Action is Path \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He eased into bathing daily through the help of his friends. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B NECESSARY PREREQUISITE FOR CHANGE IS SOURCE OF MOVING ENTITY .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR motion, source .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR change, causation, cause .ps .vs .in .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB Necessary Prerequisite for Change of State is Source \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He died from maleria. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: notice that this example is also an example of actions that involve a change of state being understood as motion. .vs .ps .in .fi .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 What's behind her slide into insanity? .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 2:\fB Necessary Prerequisite for Change of Action is Source \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She was crying from hunger. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He went back to polishing the silver out of a sense of duty. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 What's behind her going back to school? .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR JE .ps .vs .in .ds LH EVENT STRUCTURE .KE .ds RH Causation (object case) .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B CAUSATION IS CONTROL OVER AN OBJECT RELATIVE TO A POSSESSOR .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Causes are Forces Moving Properties Relative to Affected Parties .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 1a. Causes Move Properties to Affected Parties .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The news brought me little comfort. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The noise gave me a headache. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 1b. Causes Move Properties from Affected Parties .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Years of abuse took away her ready smile. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The years in prison robbed him of his youth. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Allowing Change of Properties is Allowing Motion of Possessions Relative to Affected Parties .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Poor dental hygiene invites tooth decay. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Necessary Prerequisties are Sources of Properties Moving Relative to Affected Parties .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I got a headache from the noise. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His stage presence emerged from years of practice. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 What is the source of your anger? .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Causal Means are Paths for Properties Moving Relative to Affected Parties .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She acquired grace through practice. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This means as paths mapping needs more investigation--this example could be metaphor switching--it could still be 'she' that is moving through the practice. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 5. Explanation is Mental Motion of a Property Back to its Source .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 TO what do you attribute your success? .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Can you TRACE my symptoms BACK TO any sort of cause? .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB Causation is Motion of a Commerial Object Relative to an Affected Party \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We're closed today DUE TO the earthquake. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 ON ACCOUNT OF all that loud music last night, I've got a headache. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 OWING TO poor judgement, the team was dealt a defeat. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: The 'to' in 'due to' and 'owing to' is the 'to' of explanation-- the attribution of the effect back to the source. .vs .ps .in .fi .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Notice that the metaphor WELL-BEING IS WEALTH is not interacting here: one receives effects, regardless of whether they are beneficial or detrimental. For information on the CAUSAL COMMERCE metaphor, in which WELL-BEING IS WEALTH does play a part, see the file: CausalComm. .vs .ps .in .fi .ds LH EVENT STRUCTURE .KE .ds RH Causal Commerce .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B CAUSATION IS COMMERCIAL TRANSACTION .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR WELL-BEING IS WEALTH .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Having Beneficial Things Happen to One is Getting Money .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He profitted from experience. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Having Detrimental Things Happen to One is Losing Money .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He paid with his life for my/his mistake. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Causing Beneficial Effects is Giving Money .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I was well paid for my efforts with their gratitude. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I bought myself some time through delaying tactics. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Causing Detrimental Effects is Taking Money .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The wind robbed him of an official land speed record. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Reckless skiing cost her a leg. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ds LH EVENT STRUCTURE .KE .ds RH Action .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B ACTION IS MOTION .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is part of the location branch of event structure. See File: ActionLoc .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B ACTION IS CONTROL OVER POSSESSIONS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is part of the object branch of event structure. See File: ActionObj .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B ACTING COMPULSIVELY IS INGESTING A SUBSTANCE COMPULSIVELY .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBAlternate names:\fR BEHAVIOR IS A SUBSTANCE .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Compulsive Behavior is an Addictive Substance .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 addicted to gambling .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 work-aholic .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B ACTIVE IS ALIVE .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The party was really alive .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The club seems dead tonight .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Lively, liven (lexical examples) .ps 14 .vs 16 .ds LH EVENT STRUCTURE .KE .ds RH Action (Location) .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B ACTION IS SELF-PROPELLED MOTION .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBAlternate names:\fR SELF-INITIATED CHANGE OF STATE IS SELF-PROPELLED CHANGE OF LOCATION .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This metaphor is a special case of CHANGE IS MOTION. .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR motion, moving, path .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR action, acting .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Action is Self-Propelled Motion .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He exercised to the point of exhaustion. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She squeezed her way to thinner thighs. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He drank himself out of the promotion. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He went on with what he was doing. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She went back to sleep. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She sucessfully navigated her way through the contract negotiations. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Notice, that in the 'exhaustion' example, for instance, the motion is self-propelled, but the state at which the person arrives is presumably not their goal. Thus, it seems clear that while 'purposes are destinations' can interact with this mapping, as we will see explicitly later in this file, it does not have to be present. What IS present in this mapping at this point, however, is that final states are final locations. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Manner of Action is Manner of Motion .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We slogged through the application process. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He is out of step with the other students. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Slowly and steadily, she worked herself into the grave. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Never looking back, he went on with the project. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP \fBSpecial sub-case 1:\fB Careful Action is Careful Motion \fR .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 When I'm around her I feel like I am walking on eggshells. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He is treading on thin ice. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He is walking a fine line between asserting his independence and insulting the boss. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP \fBSpecial sub-case 2:\fB Speed of Action is Speed of Motion \fR .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He quickly took himself from rags to riches. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She slowly ate her way to obesity. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. A Stage in an Action is a Location Along a Path .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We made it past the point where my legs usually get tired. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I am at that part of the application process that I really hate. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We are coming to that step where you beat the butter until smooth. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We are in between stages--next we detach the booster rockets. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She has sung her way through the anthem to the point where the really high note is. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Final States are Final Locations .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I ended up exhausted. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's headed for an early death. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His reckless investments are taking him into backruptcy. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 5. Lack of Change Resulting from Action is Lack of Motion .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He ate and ate but he didn't go tubby on us. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She wrote, but never got to the point that she realized how bad it was. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB Purposeful Action is Directed Motion to a Destination \fR .in 5m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: In this special case of purposeful action, we are mapping purposes as destinations. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Progress is Forward Movement .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Let's forge ahead--we're already half-way through the analysis. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Let's keep moving forward on this experiment. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He hadn't made much headway in writing the termpaper. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm afraid I haven't gotten very far in grading the exams. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Progress is Measured in Distance to Destination or in Distance From Starting Point .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She finally reached the end of the dissertation-writing process. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 After working on the application for days, I finally saw the light at the end of the tunnel. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We only have a short ways to go on solving this puzzle. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm almost through reading this book. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I've been working on this experiment for years, and the end is still a long ways off. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We've come a long way in our efforts to realize fusion. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We've made it this far in our efforts to solve the problem. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Speed of Progress is Speed of Motion to a Destination .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He flew through his work. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He went through some of the tasks on the exam too quickly. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She is moving ahead by leaps and bounds on that project. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I am moving at a snail's pace on grading these exams. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's moving quickly to close the deal. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Negative Progress is Backward Movement .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'd hate to see us back where we were thirty years ago, before civil rights had made the strides forward that we have seen. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 When the computer ate her work, she found herself back at the beginning of the writing process again. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We need to backtrack on this problem--we took a wrong turn. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I keep grading papers, but I still keep falling behind. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I keep exercising, but I keep getting farther and farther from my target weight. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 5. Lack of Purpose is Lack of Direction .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He is just floating around. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He is drifting aimlessly. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He needs some direction. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He is a drifter with no direction. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 6. Lack of Progress Toward the Destination is Lack of Motion .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I got stuck half-way through grading the exams. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He is at a standstill in the dissertation-writing process. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We aren't getting any place by arguing. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Making excuses is getting me nowhere. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 7. Easy Action is Easy Motion .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It is smooth sailing from here on in in the application process. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It's all downhill for the rest of the course. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 8. A Different Means of Achieving the Purpose is a Different Path .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 To be cool, you have to wear your overalls this way. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She solved the problem a different way. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Do it any way you can. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 However you want to go about repairing it is fine with me. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 9. Efficient Purposeful Action is Direct Motion to a Destination .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He has gotten sidetracked on that problem. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She made a beeline for the presidency. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 10. Starting a Purposeful Action is Starting Out for a Destination .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Apply for admission--a journey of a thousand miles . . . .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We are at the first step in the educational process. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We are in the first stages of filing for bankruptcy. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 11. The End of Action is the End of the Path .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We are reaching the end of the house-buying process. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Finally, all my educational goals are in reach. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We are entering the last stages of filing for bankrupcy. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Something which we affect, something whose change we have control over, is of course understood as an object whose motion we control (She brought the water to a boil). If we have a purpose in the change that we bring about, then we can speak of that caused change toward that goal as if it were the changing object moving itself toward that goal. From here on the discussed mapping will involve causation. The relevent generalization is that caused change in self-initiated change of state is forced motion relative to locations. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 12. Control over Action is Control over Motion. .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He pushed me into doing it. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She leaned on him to do it. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She pushed me through the steps in the application process. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I need someone to help me through this problem. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She leads him around by the nose. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She held him back in his endeavors. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She is being pushed into a corner by the ultimatum. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Her boss doesn't give her any slack. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She has her secretary on a tight rein. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She has her fiance on a short leash. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He is tied to his mother's apron strings. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Some of these examples involve forced motion relative to the action-region/path, others involve forced motion within the action-path. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 13. Guided Action is Guided Motion .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She guided him through the problem. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She walked him through the analysis. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She led him through the rough parts of the course. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 14. Obstacles to Action are Obstacles to Motion .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We hit a roadblock when we tried to repeat the experiment. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We are at an impasse in this project. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I've hit a brick wall in my analysis. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We are going upstream--the administation is opposed to our actions. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We are fighting an uphill battle--we'll never get this proposal approved. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It's a steep road ahead for equal rights advocates. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We have to get over/around this problem. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We faced many hurdles in taking on this problem. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 When the going gets tough, the tough get going. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 15. Continuing to Act Despite Difficulty, is Moving Despite Obstacles .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I made it through/over the rough spots in writing the paper. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I made it around the rough part of the analysis. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I made it through college. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I got through that step in the recipe OK. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She is just going through the motions of applying for a loan. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 16. Aids to Action are Aids to Motion .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 My Dad made the way smooth for all of us. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 17. Caused Inability to Act is Prevention of Motion .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Regulations keep me from moving ahead with this housing project. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Sudden illness stopped his progress. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP \fBSpecial sub-case 1:\fB Caused Inability to Act is Suspension \fR .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's really gotten hung up at that step in the process. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He is so caught up in his work he can't do anything else. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He was held up in the meeting. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 18. Self-Motivated Action is Self-Propelled Motion .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She has a lot of get up and go. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She always pushed herself. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She can really get herself going. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is included here because it can be construed as a case of self-causation: where the same entity is the cause and the affected party. This of course maps the same entity as force and as moved object. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 19. Rights to Act are Rights of Way .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I have a right TO do that. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 There are no moral or legal roadblocks. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB Knowing What will Happen Is Seeing Where You are Going \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Looking down the road, I don't see any problems. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I can't see any way to do that. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I can't see my way clear to giving you a raise. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Looking back, I can see that we could have done it better. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I can't see where I'm headed on this problem. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I can see the light at the end of the tunnel. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is an intersection of ACTION IS MOTION with KNOWING IS SEEING, not a strict entailment of ACTION IS MOTION. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 2:\fB DESIRES THAT CONTROL ACTION ARE EXTERNAL FORCES THAT CONTROL MOTION \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That coat pulled me into the store. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The smell of the cookies dragged me against my will to the cookie jar. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is an interaction of part of the ACTION IS MOTION mapping with a notion of a desire as an external force. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 3:\fB OBLIGATIONS/AGREEMENTS ARE CONTAINERS \fR .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBAlternate names:\fR (Future Committments are Containers?) .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 What obligations have you gotten yourself into? .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Can you get out of doing the dishes? .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I can't get out of it, I'm locked into it. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Try to get out of those committments; don't let your boss box you in. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 There's no way out; I have to do it. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He trapped her into going with her. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Do you know what you're getting into? .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Have they entered into an agreement yet? .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He couldn't get out of his agreement. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He can be coaxed into an agreement. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Is there an excape hatch in this agreement? .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR (for entire file) Sharon Fischler, Karin Myhre, George Lakoff, Adele Goldberg, Jane Espenson .ps .vs .in .ds LH EVENT STRUCTURE .KE .ds RH Action (Object) .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B ACTION IS CONTROL OVER POSSESSIONS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Take action. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: A dubious example. This is not likely ever to be found to be a very well developed metaphor, because although it seems right to consider an action as a series of states, and therefore as a path, or motion on a path, it is odd to consider an action as a series of properties--properties just are not the right kind of thing. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Rights are Abilities to Possess .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Our rights guarantee certain freedoms. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Clearly this needs much more work. It has only recently been discovered. .vs .ps .in .fi .ds LH EVENT STRUCTURE .KE .ds RH Longterm Action .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B LONGTERM PURPOSEFUL ACTIVITY IS A JOURNEY .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This metaphor is part of the EVENT STRUCTURE system. I have tried to limit the examples in this file to ones that clearly involve the specific target domain: journey, not the more general one: motion. Examples of Purposeful Action as Motion can be found in the file: Action For a lot of the examples in this file, the target domain involves the effects that events have on you as you engage in purposeful activities. Thus this is clearly a special case of causation. Engaging in a longterm action involves change of state, a purpose, and external events affecting you. The changing that one undergoes as one engages in the activity is understood as motion from one location to another. The changing that one undergoes as external events affect one, is understood as control over ones location exercised by an outside force. Thus, external events are seen as things (or a fluid) in motion, with direction and speed and with a force that can affect one's journey. We will see below that this metaphor is conventionalized with regard to three special cases of longterm purposeful activities: Life, Career, and Love relationships. (LIFE IS A JOURNEY, A CAREER IS A JOURNEY, and LOVE IS A JOURNEY) .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB Life is a Journey \fR .in 5m .sp .in 5m .XP 1. The Person Leading a Life is a Traveler .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 As we travel down life's path. . . .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I don't know where I'm headed, but I'm enjoying getting there. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He just sails through life. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Life States are Locations .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He saw teaching as just a stopover on his way to bigger things. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Longterm Purposes are Journey Destinations .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's headed for great things. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 My goal lies at the end of my life's journey. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4. The Means For Achieving Purposes are Routes .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 If this doesn't work, I'll just try a different route. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It's an arduous path, but he'll make it. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She'll cross that bridge when she comes to it. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 5. Difficulties are Impediments to Travel .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's lost his way. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He has a rocky road ahead of him. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 6. Counselors are Guides .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His mother gave him guidance. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The wise woman showed him the way. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 My high school employed a full-time 'guidance' counselor. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 7. Progress is the Distance Travelled .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We've come a long way. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 8. Things You Gauge Your Progress by are Landmarks .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Getting her PhD was a big landmark in her life. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 9. Major Choices are Crossroads .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She's at a crossroads in her life. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 10. Material Resources and Talents are Provisions .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She has a lot of what it takes to get her where she wants to go. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 11. Stages of Life are Routes You have to Travel On .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's just reaching the end of his starving artist stage. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 2:\fB Love is a Journey \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We've hit a crossroads in this relationship. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See file on this: Love .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 3:\fB Career is a Journey \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's hit a crossroads in his career. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP \fBSpecial sub-case 1:\fB Career Progress is Vertical Movement. \fR .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's half-way up the corporate ladder. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Be nice to the people you meet on the way up, they're the same people you'll see on the way down. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: For examples involving the effect of external events on the person in motion see the file: ExternalEvents. .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR (for entire file) Sharon Fischler, Karin Myhre, George Lakoff, Adele Goldberg, Jane Espenson .ps .vs .in .ds LH EVENT STRUCTURE .KE .ds RH External Events .bp .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: In the file 'Action', we have seen that purposeful action is directed motion. We know from the 'Causation' files that causing is controling motion. This file addresses causal contol within the framework of purposeful motion. This is of two varieties: the control we have over external events, and the control they have over us. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B EXTERNAL EVENTS AFFECTING PROGRESS ARE FORCES AFFECTING FORWARD MOTION .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .sp .in 5m .XP 1. External Events that Affect Action are Forces that Affect Motion .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He was blown about by the winds of war. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Beneficial Events are Forces Moving toward your Destination .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Everything's going my way. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. External Events Detrimental to Action are Opposing Forces .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Things are going against me. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B THE PROGRESS OF EXTERNAL EVENTS IS FORWARD MOTION .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Things came to a standstill .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Things came to a halt .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Things reached an impasse. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Things hit a brick wall. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 How're things going? .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Control Over the Progress of External Events is Control over Their Forward Motion .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Let's get things/the ball/the wheels moving. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Let's try to slow things down a little. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Let's put the brakes on development in this area. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B INTERACTION BETWEEN PROGRESS AND EXTERNAL EVENTS AFFECTING PROGRESS IS INTERACTION BETWEEN TWO MOVING INDIVIDUALS. .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB Person and Vehicle \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm just along for the ride. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I like to be in the driver's seat. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Michael Jackson arrived on the music scene with his whole family in tow. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP \fBSpecial sub-case 1:\fB Person and Boat \fR .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I followed in my brother's wake. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP \fBSpecial sub-case 2:\fB Person and Horse \fR .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Keep a tight rein on what's going on. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Whoa! .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Hitch your wagon to a star. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Harness your own desires and let them take you where you want to go. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: The 'Whoa' example is the most difficult to figure out here. It seems to involve a person who is trying to make progress by 'following' what someone is saying (notice this is mental progress, via MIND IS BODY). The person says 'whoa' when the person is getting ahead of them--when they are no longer in control of this external event--all of a sudden the external event is pulling them (too fast), rather than them steering the external event. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB Person and Person \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He rode to success on her coattails. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 2:\fB Body and Air \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 You can't resist the winds of change. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 3:\fB Body/Vehicle and Water \fR .in 5m .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Being Involved in Events is Being in Water .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's afraid to take the plunge. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Being Defeated is Drowning .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm just trying to keep my head above water. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's barely staying afloat. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Sink or swim. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Try not to get in over your head. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He was a life raft for me. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He was clutching at straws. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Ability to Cope is Ability to Navigate .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's getting his bearings. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's up a creek without a paddle. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Flow of Events is Flow of Water .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Go with the flow. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He let himself be carried by the current. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He got carried away. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He couldn't fight the current. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He just drifted through life. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 5. Easy Events to deal with are Smooth Water .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It's smooth sailing from here on in. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 History never flows smoothly. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 6. Hidden Events with Causal Power are Undercurrents .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Powerful and dangerous undercurrents of society. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 7. A Powerful Enduring Directed Force is a Tide .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The tide of history. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 8. People with a Common Fate are People in a Single Boat: .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We're all in the same boat. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP \fBSpecial sub-case 1:\fB Historical Events are Water Controlling Motion \fR .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 tide of history .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 the undercurrents in society pulled them along .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 a new wave of conservativism .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 History never flows smoothly. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Some stormy times are ahead for this country. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR JE, GL, AG, AS .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B KNOWLEDGE OF PAST EVENTS IS AN EXTERNAL EVENT EXERTING FORCE ON PRESENT EVENTS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .sp .in 5m .XP 1. The Past is an Instrument of Constraint .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I am bound to repeat my mistakes .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The chains of my past... .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. The Past is a Place of Confinement .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I can't escape from that memory .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's trapped in his past .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. The Past is a Captor .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He is imprisoned by his past .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The past rules her life .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4. The Past is a Pursuer .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 You can't hide from your past .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 My past caught up with me .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It's no use fleeing from your past .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: The mapping is basically: Being Constrained is Being unable to forget Escaping confinement is Forgetting Hiding, running away is Trying to forget Surrendering is Giving up trying to forget .vs .ps .in .fi .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Actually this can be about more than forgetting--it can be about assumptions people make about you because of your past, and about the effects, in general, that your past has on you. .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR constraint confinement .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR past events time .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Leslie Van Duzer (185) .ps .vs .in .ds LH EVENT STRUCTURE .KE .ds RH Acting On .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B ACTING ON IS TRANSFERRING AN OBJECT .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He could really dole out punishment. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I couldn't take that kind of treatment any more! .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 What kind of treatment have these plants been receiving? .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 What have you been doing TO him? .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This the metaphor of transitivity. Acting on a patient is transferring something to it. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB Acting on is Feeding \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I gave his a taste of his own medicine. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I couldn't stomach that kind of treatment any longer. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is the interaction of TREATMENT IS A TRANSFERRED OBJECT and GETTING IS EATING. .vs .ps .in .fi .ds LH EVENT STRUCTURE .KE .ds RH Harm .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B HARM IS PHYSICAL INJURY .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR injury .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR harm .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Experiencing harm is being in pain .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Well-being is health/fitness .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Restitution is healing .in 7m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBGrounding:\fR Physical Injury is harmful to people .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Special Cases of Harm: .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB Psychological harm is physical injury \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It was a traumatic experience. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Her death hurt him. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The accusation wounded her. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's mentally ill/fit. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 My pride was wounded. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She recovered from the wound to her psyche, but scars remained. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 2:\fB Economic harm is physical injury \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The stock market suffered a sharp dive today. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Americans can expect painful cutbacks with the recession. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 My stock portfolio is very healthy. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The market returned to health today. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The symptoms of the recession have all but disappeared. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 3:\fB Environmental harm is physical injury \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The oil spill has caused a shock to the environment. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Smog pollution is an environmental malaise. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Ecologists are nursing the Bay back to health. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 4:\fB Political harm is physical injury \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The difficult election left the candidate scarred. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Her admission killed her in the election. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Gorbachev is a lame duck. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Special Cases of Injury: .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB Harm is Physical Injury due to Wounding \fR .in 5m .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Long-term effects of the harm are scars .in 7m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBKnowledge structures:\fR Wounds are directly caused and intentional .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBEntailments:\fR The harm is caused by someone else .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBKnowledge structures:\fR Wounds are discrete .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBEntailments:\fR The harm is transitory .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBKnowledge structures:\fR Wounds are painful .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBEntailments:\fR The harm is perceived to be harmful .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBKnowledge structures:\fR Wounds which are not fatal may heal, given time .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBEntailments:\fR Some harms can be repaired over time .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBKnowledge structures:\fR Wounds can leave scars .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBEntailments:\fR The harm may have long-term aftereffects .ps .vs .in .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 2:\fB Harm is Physical Injury due to Sickness \fR .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBKnowledge structures:\fR Sickness is not easily attributed to a single cause .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBEntailments:\fR The harm is not easily attributed to a single cause .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBKnowledge structures:\fR Sickness is not intentionally caused .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBEntailments:\fR The harm is not intentionally caused .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBKnowledge structures:\fR Sickness is not temporally discrete .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBEntailments:\fR The harm may linger .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBKnowledge structures:\fR Sickness need not be painful or heal .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBEntailments:\fR The harm may not be experienced as harmful, and may not go away in time .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBKnowledge structures:\fR Sickness does not leave scars .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBEntailments:\fR The harm will not have permanent aftereffects .ps .vs .in .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 3:\fB Harm is Physical Injury due to Neglect \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Bush's election left the Democrats out in the cold. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 4:\fB Harm is Physical Injury due to Predation by Vicious Animals \fR .in 5m .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Person in Situation is the Prey .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Don't throw me to the lions! .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I feel like a little fish surrounded by sharks. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 If that player goes in, he'll be dead meat! .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 There are drug dealers preying on young kids. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The FBI lay in wait of their quarry for days. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Competators or Antagonists are Predators .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Lawyers are real sharks. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He was a real barracuda in the first debate. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I said one thing and they pounced on me like a pack of dingos (wild dogs) .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Bus station mashers are often called chicken hawks. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Loan sharks .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. A Difficult Situation is Place where Predation Occurs .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 You're moving into shark infested waters. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The conference room is a real snake pit today. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It's a jungle out there. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Success or Failure in an Adversative Situation is Eating, or Being Eaten. .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I got eaten alive in that game .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 My competitor chewed me up and spat me out. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They had me for breakfast. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I tell you, it's either eat or be eaten. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It's a dog-eat-dog world out there. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Laura Michealis and 185 student .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Alan Schwartz .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B HARM IS CAUSING FUNCTIONAL OBJECTS TO BE NONFUNCTIONAL .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR functionality, destruction .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR harm .ps .vs .in .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB HARM IS CAUSING OBJECT TO BE NONFUNCTIONAL BY DESTROYING IT \fR .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBAlternate names:\fR HARM IS DESTRUCTION .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He crushed the rebellion. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Smash capitalism! .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The theory was cut to pieces/ribbons/shreds. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She wrecked our marriage .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBKnowledge structures:\fR Destruction of an object is permanent .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBEntailments:\fR The harm is permanent .ps .vs .in .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 2:\fB HARM IS CAUSING OBJECT TO BE NONFUNCTIONAL BY PREVENTING OPERATION \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He threw a monkey wrench into our plans. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She keeps gumming up the works. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Alan Schwartz .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B HARMING IS LOWERING .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR verticality, up .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR harm .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBAlternate names:\fR WELL-BEING IS UP .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That was a demeaning comment .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I won't do that -- it's degrading! .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He debased himself .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Helping is Raising .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I enjoy reading uplifting literature .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: The scales on which the lowering takes place would appear to be scales of value ("devaluing"), oriented vertically with maximum value upwards. As such, it is a relative standard (relative to the normative value of the subject), as words like "undervaluing" and "overvaluing" reveal. .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Alan Schwartz .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B HARM IS BEING IN A HARMFUL LOCATION .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B HARM IS PREVENTING FORWARD MOTION TOWARD A GOAL .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See file on this Metaphor: Harm (Location) .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B HARM IS HAVING A HARMFUL POSSESSION .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B HARM IS LACKING A NEEDED POSSESSION .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See file on this Metaphor: Harm (Object) .vs .ps .in .fi .ds LH EVENT STRUCTURE .KE .ds RH Harm (Location) .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B HARM IS BEING IN A HARMFUL LOCATION .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR location, motion .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR harm .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR EVENT STRUCTURE METAPHOR (Loc) inherited .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I am in trouble .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 You are in danger .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's on thin ice .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She's walking a tightrope .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Being harmed is being forced to move to a harmful location .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He keeps pushing me into trouble .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She throws herself into dangerous situations regularly .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They're driving me over the edge .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This metaphor talks about being in (or being caused to be in) a harmful situation. Unlike the other metaphors, it is not used to understand which situations are harmful. It takes the harmful situation as given and describes the subject's position with respect to the situation (this is a consequence of the status of this metaphor - it is really part of the EVENT STRUCTURE METAPHOR, a more general metaphor than one about harm.) .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Alan Schwartz, Jane Espenson .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B HARM IS PREVENTING FORWARD MOTION TOWARD A GOAL. .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR motion, journey .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR harm .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR PURPOSEFUL ACTIVITIES ARE JOURNEYS inherited .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Reducing the Effect of Future Harm is Giving a Headstart .in 7m .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB The Harm is an Obstable \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Public school segregation was an obstacle in attaining civil rights .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 If I can just get around that restriction, I'll be able to graduate .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 How am I supposed to learn anything if the school keeps placing roadblocks in my way? .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Once the obstacle of segregation was removed, Blacks went on to show that they could perform as well as White children (they had a clear path) .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBEntailments:\fR It is impossible to reach the goal without surmounting the obstacle .ps .vs .in .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 2:\fB The Harm is a Setback which returns you to prior location \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Her accident was an enormous setback to her career .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The failure of the experiment puts us back at square one .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBEntailments:\fR To reach the goal, you have to go repeat earlier progress .ps .vs .in .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 3:\fB The Harm is a Diversion which moves you a different direction \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The inadequacy of the welfare system forced me to explore pornography (can also participate in the harmful location case) .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I got distracted from my goal .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 4:\fB The Harm is a Burden which slows down motion \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It's hard to reach the top when you're saddled with an unwanted baby .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 How I am supposed to learn anything if I'm weighed down with red tape? .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Welfare exists to lighten the burden of poverty on single parents .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBEntailments:\fR Reaching goals is harder and slower, but still possible .ps .vs .in .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 5:\fB Harming Yourself is Getting Lost/Turning Aside \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He would have made it (to the pinnacle of his career) if he hadn't strayed off the path .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Our goal is to get drop-outs back on track in school .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: It's not entirely clear if this is a case of harm .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Alan Schwartz .ps .vs .in .ds LH EVENT STRUCTURE .KE .ds RH Harm (Object) .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B HARM IS HAVING A HARMFUL POSSESSION .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR possessions, transfer .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR harm .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR EVENT STRUCTURE METAPHOR (Obj) inherited .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I have the worst luck .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Being harmed is being given an undesirable possession .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I got a headache [from the noise] .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The noise gave him a headache .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 My car gave me a lot of trouble yesterday .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The accident gave her whiplash .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Restoration is having the bad thing taken away .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The aspirin took away my headache .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I got rid of the side effects .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Restoration is getting a good thing in compensation .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He gave me $125,000 in return for my trouble .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She got no sympathy for her injuries .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Alan Schwartz, Jane Espenson .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B HARM IS LACKING A NEEDED POSSESSION .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR possessions, transfer .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR harm .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR EVENT STRUCTURE METAPHOR inherited .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBAlternate names:\fR WELL-BEING IS WEALTH, CAUSAL COMMERCE .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 If you don't have your health, what have you got? .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Being harmed is having a needed possession taken or losing a needed possession .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The accident took my health .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I lost my job .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His mistake cost me my job .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I paid for his error with my job .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Gain in well-being is gain in possessions .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The idea bought me time .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I gained status from my decision .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The accident gave me a new perspective on life .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Restoration is getting a good thing in compensation .in 7m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: In the transfer cases, restitution is provided by an accounting balance of good and bad effects. Thus in a sentence like "Her sympathy compensated him for his injuries", he not only receives her sympathy to balance his injuries, but (as "for" indicates) he receives her sympathy in exchange for his loss. .vs .ps .in .fi .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: The relationship between this metaphor (which includes notions of CAUSAL COMMERCE) and HARM IS HAVING A HARMFUL POSSESSION (which includes notions of CAUSAL TRANSFER) is still unclear. .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Alan Schwartz, Jane Espenson .ps .vs .in .ds LH EVENT STRUCTURE .KE .ds RH Comparison .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B (EVALUATIVE) COMPARISON OF STATES IN A DYNAMIC SITUATION IS COMPARISON OF DISTANCE .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR scale, path .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR comparison .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Being Better in a Dynamic Situation is Being Farther Along on a Path .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They are far beyond us in technological achievements. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He surpassed his teacher. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He is way ahead of the rest of us. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's ahead of the pack. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We have fallen behind the Soviet Union in space exploration. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We are miles ahead of them. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We were left behind. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is part of the Location branch of the Event Structure Metaphor, in which States are Locations, and Progress is Forward Motion, it is extended (metaphorically?) to include inanimate entities which are incapable of acting, but to which others have attributed goals: This product has fallen behind in sales. To see that paths are used to make comparisons only in dynamic situations and not in static situations, notice: ?Joe is beyond Jim in intelligence. ?Lettuce is behind spinach in iron. ?Brad is miles behind Ralph in attractiveness. If the context is changed so that these situations are viewed as dynamic, the same comparisons are successful: Due to a new drug proven to increase intelligence, Joe has moved way beyond Jim in intelligence. The agriculture specialists are working to add synthetic iron to lettuce, but at this point, lettuce is still miles behind spinach in iron. Though Brad is taking great strides with all kinds of plastic surgery, he is still miles behind Ralph in attractiveness. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B EVALUATIVE COMPARISON OF A AND B IN A STATIC SITUATION IS DETERMINED BY THE VERTICAL DISTANCE BETWEEN A AND B .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Being Better in a Static Situation is Being Above .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Joe is above Bill in intelligence. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He thinks he is above us. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He has an edge over us. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We're not at his level. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's up there with the best of them. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR More is Up, High Status is Up .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Being better in a static situation is being above in explicit ranking .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 2a. Better rank is lower number .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We're number 1! .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2b. Worse rank is higher number. .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We're 77th out of 77th. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Presumably because of association with written lists. Notice m.2b doesn't hold out of context-- perhaps because what counts as a high number is relative. ?You're number 3000! .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 2c. Better rank is higher on list .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 he ranks high. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Spinach ranks higher than lettuce in greeness. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Eddie Murphy ranks above Bob Hope in sense of humor. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2d. Lower rank is lower on list .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 he ranks very low. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's at the bottom of the list. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2e. Best and worst is first and last on list. .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We're first. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They're last. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: We use verticality to structure lists, and lists are used to understand comparison. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB Status is Position \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He ranks above me. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They are lower class. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Climbing the ladder in the company. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Be nice to the people you meet on your way up. . . .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's the top of the heap. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Again, this is part of the Location branch of the Event Structure Metaphor, this time with an added vertical dimension. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 2:\fB Importance is Precedence \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This is a priority matter. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This is number one on my list of demands. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Your health should come first. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See Other Comparison Metaphors .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR precedence, order, first .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR importance .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR AG, JE .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B (NON-EVALUATIVE) COMPARISON BETWEEN A AND B IS DETERMINED BY THE DISTANCE BETWEEN A AND B .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Similarity is Closeness .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 A and B are close, but they are by no means identical. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The addition brought my house closer to what I had in mind. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Difference Between is Distance Between .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The difference between A and B is vast. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I can't tell them apart. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He doesn't know his head from a hole in the ground. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: More generally, Closeness is Closely Related Consistent with but independent of, A Theory is A Puzzle we have Identities are defined by their location: "Which is hypercorrection and which is hypocorrection? I always get them switched around." "Constructivism and Moderism? I can't tell them apart." "They couldn't peg him" "There's a long way between Paul Newman and Woody Allen." This metaphor can be used to elaborate the Location Branch of the Event Structure Metaphor. When it is used it structures the State/Action landscape. .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Greg Moore 185 '85 & AG .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B (NON-EVALUATIVE) COMPARISON OF PROPERTIES IS COMPARISON OF POSSESSIONS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The hostess with the most-ess. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He has less compassion than anyone I know. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She used to have more of a sense of humor. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is part of the Object branch of the Event Structure Metaphor. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B COMPARING AND SEEKING IS SHOPPING .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm shopping for a better philosophy .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 (My mama told me) You'd better shop around. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This may be part of the Object Branch of the Event Structure Metaphor, specifically of the part in which taking a new property is buying it. This would then be called: CONSIDERING THE ASSOCIATION WITH A NEW PROPERTY IS CONSIDERING PURCHASING OF A NEW POSSESSION. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B COMPARISON OF PROPERTIES IS COMPARISON OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB Comparison of Importance is Weighing \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 You have to weigh the pros and cons. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The scale just tipped in favor of my voting yes. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 On the other hand. . . .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is part of PROPERTIES ARE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, specifically importance is weight. See File: Properties. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 2:\fB More is Higher \fR .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBAlternate names:\fR More is Up .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The number of poor people is higher than the number of rich ones. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is part of amount is verticality. See File: Properties. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 3:\fB More is Heavier \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She's a heavier smoker than she used to be. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 TV viewership is higher during prime time than daytime .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is part of amount is weight. See File: Properties .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 4:\fB More is Bigger \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This class is bigger than that one. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's a bigger eater than she is. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I have a smaller amount of money than he does. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is part of amount is size. See File: Properties. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B DISPARITY IS CHANGE .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The phone poles get taller as you approach the freeway. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His girlfriends keep getting taller. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The president changes every four years. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This mapping adds a temporal domain where there was none before. .vs .ps .in .fi .ds LH EVENT STRUCTURE .KE .ds RH Linear Scales .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B LINEAR SCALES ARE PATHS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The temperature edged toward 90 degrees. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Bob was ahead of Sam on the scale of intelligence. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Unemployment moved closer and closer to 10%. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The interest rate fell behind the expected amount. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR paths .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR scales, linear scales .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See also file: Comparison .vs .ps .in .fi .ds LH EVENT STRUCTURE .KE .ds RH Competition .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B COMPETITION IS A RACE .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The arms race. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We've been playing chess for years, and he's finally pulling ahead of me. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's a better writer than I am, and he's widening the distance. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Related to Comparison is Distance between Competitors. .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR race, running, racing .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR competition .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Also GENERIC IS SPECIFIC see also Comparision .vs .ps .in .fi .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is a part of the Location Branch of the Event Structure Metaphor. .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Jane Espenson .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B COMPETITION IS COMPETITION FOR DESIRED OBJECTS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Whoever dies with the most toys wins. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: We need more evidence for this. Its existence is predicted, because it should be part of the Object Branch of the Event Structure Metaphor. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B COMPETITION IS 1 ON 1 PHYSICAL AGGRESSION .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He clobbered me at tennis. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I beat him at chess. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She kicked-butt at the audition. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She whipped him at handball. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They really murdered the other team. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Losing the contest was a real black eye for her. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Those swim teams have been slugging it out all season. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR 1-or-1 physical aggression, fight .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR competition .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Can be seen as GENERIC IS SPECIFIC .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B COMPETITION IS WAR .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The debate team brought out their big guns. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The other team sent in the cavalry against us. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We took over the ball deep in their territory. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They battled each other over the chess board every week. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR war .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR competition .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Can be seen as GENERIC IS SPECIFIC metaphor. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B CONTROL IS UP .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I have control over him. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He is under my power. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm on top of the situation. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I have it all under control. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He has a dominating/submissive personality. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B FAILURE IS DEATH/ SUCCESS IS LIFE .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He died on that test. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That team is still alive. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That question is the one that killed her. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Compare COMPETION IS A WAR and EXISTENCE IS LIFE. .vs .ps .in .fi .ds LH EVENT STRUCTURE .KE .ds RH Opportunities .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B OPPORTUNITIES ARE OBJECTS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Seize the opportunity. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Don't lose this opportunity. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Don't let the opportunity pass you by. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 You have to make your own opportunities. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I've had 3 opportunities to meet him. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 You rarely find that kind of opportunity. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR objects .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR opportunities .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Taking (Using) an Opportunity is Taking an Object. .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 When the opportunity presents itself, grab it. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Seize the opportunity. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I grabbed it. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I took the job when it became available. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I let the opportunity slip through my fingers. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Seize the opportunity. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Opportunities are Moving Entities .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I let it get away. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Don't wait till the opportunity comes to you, go after it. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Available Opportunities are Objects within Reach .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It's within reach. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That opportunity may be coming my way. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I can't get that opportunity. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Serendipitous Opportunity is An Object Easily Accessable Without Effort on the Part of the Experiencer .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It just fell into my lap. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I stumbled onto it. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The opportunity presented itself. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Prince Charming has always been right in front of you. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Don't wait for it to show up on your doorstep. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Acquiring is Physical Taking. See file: Possession .vs .ps .in .fi .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is a special case of Event Struture (Object Case) .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B OPPORTUNITIES ARE OPEN PATHS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His job offer opened up new paths for me. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I can go whichever I want with this project. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Opportunity is an open door. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Open up your own opportunities. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is a special case of Event Structure (Location case) .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Adele Goldberg, Jane Espenson .ps .vs .in .ds LH EVENT STRUCTURE .KE .ds RH Existence .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B EXISTENCE IS A LOCATION (HERE) .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBAlternate names:\fR EXISTING IS BEING PRESENT HERE .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is a special case of STATES ARE LOCATIONS States are Locations can be see in the file: States .vs .ps .in .fi .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Something good came about. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It came into existence .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It went out of existence .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The baby is due any day. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The baby is a new arrival. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 No answers were forth-coming. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB EXISTENCE IS LOCATION UP HERE \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I can't make it; something came up. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The question simply doesn't arise here. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I don't want to arouse/raise suspicion. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Maintaining Existence is Maintaining Location Up Here .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Renewed interest has kept Zen Buddhism from sinking into non-existence. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The anti-war movement needs your support. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Their marriage is on shaky ground. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 2:\fB EXISTENCE IS LOCATION OUT OF CONTAINER \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The emergence of new sciences is to be welcomed, not feared. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B EXISTENCE IS AN OBJECT .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is a special case of PROPERTIES ARE POSSESSIONS .vs .ps .in .fi .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I want control over my own existence. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B EXISTENCE IS LIFE .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That was the birth/death of my interest. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That killed their play-off hopes. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Is the Social Security program healthy, or is it terminally ill? .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B EXISTENCE IS VISIBILITY .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 New problems keep appearing. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Suddenly my headache vanished. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 When I talk to her, my problems disappear. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The controversy eventually faded away. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Semantic bleaching. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B EXISTENCE IS HAVING A FORM .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Things materialized. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ds LH EVENT STRUCTURE .KE .ds RH Creation .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B CREATING IS MOVING TO A LOCATION (Here) .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The created object is brought into existence. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The created object is brought into being. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Aspirin can make your headaches go away. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is based on an understanding of Existence as a Location (here). When we understand creating in this way we are actually understanding it as an instance of causation: as a caused change of state of an affected party. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B CREATING IS GIVING AN OBJECT .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He gave the field of Engineering its very existence. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is based on the understanding of Existence as an Object. When we understand creating is this way we are actually understanding it as an instance of causation: as a caused change of state of an affected party. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B CREATING IS MAKING VISIBLE .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The Packer's play-off hopes were erased by a string of losses. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The current policy is making a lot of new problems appear. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B CREATING IS BIRTHING .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBAlternate names:\fR CAUSATION IS PROGENERATION .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This solution actually gives birth to a lot of new problems. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B CREATION IS CULTIVATION .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He planted seeds of doubt in my mind. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Money is the root of all evil. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Jealousy is an off-shoot of amibition. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Necessary Prerequisites are Necessary Prerequisties for Plant Life .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 China is a fertile ground for revolt. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B CREATING IS MAKING .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The solution made new problems take shape. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The solution made a lot of new problems. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ds LH EVENT STRUCTURE .KE .ds RH External Events .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B EXTERNAL CONDITIONS ARE CLIMATE .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The climate is right for a takeover. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The economic forecast is favorable. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Adversity is Adversity due to Bad Weather .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It rained on my parade. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Into each life some rain must fall. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Save it for a rainy day. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 An ill-wind blows no good. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 There were dark clouds on the horizon. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We can weather this storm. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Stormy weather (song) .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR weather .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR adversity .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Jane E. Kathy G. .ps .vs .in .ds LH EVENT STRUCTURE .KE .ds RH Difficulties .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B DIFFICULTIES ARE CONTAINERS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 How did I get myself into this situation? .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We're in this thing together. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 How do we get out of this situation? .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We're in a mess. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We're in hot water. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We're in a lot of trouble now. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Let's try to get out of this situation. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's in it up to his neck. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is probably CONSTRAINTS ON ACTION ARE CONSTRAINTS ON MOTION. See File: Action .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B DIFFICULTY IS DIFFICULTY IS MOVING .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is part of the Location branch of the Event Structure Metaphor. See File: Action .vs .ps .in .fi .ds LH EVENT STRUCTURE .KE .ds RH Time .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B TIME IS SOMETHING MOVING TOWARD YOU .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 When Tuesday comes. . . .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Three O'clock is approaching. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Thursday passed without incident. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The witching hour is near. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR Related to Time is a Pursuer Time is a Landscape We Move Through. .ps .vs .in .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB Time is Something Moving (No Reference Point) \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Time crept along. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Time flies. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 2:\fB Foreseeable Future Events are Up \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Upcoming events. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 What's coming up this week? .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 What events are up ahead? .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: approaching things seem to move up in field of vision. .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR something moving, mover .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR time .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is the 'object branch' of time. In this metaphor time is the trajector and the person experiencing time is a landmark. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B TIME IS A LANDSCAPE WE MOVE THROUGH .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We're coming up on Xmas. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Thanksgiving is looming on the horizen. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He didn't make it to Tuesday. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 A short/long period of time. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I can't do it any longer. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Within the week. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Outside of a week. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBEntailments:\fR Time can be quantified in lengths. .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: An alternative name for this metaphor is TIME IS A LANDSCAPE IN WHICH EVENTS ARE LOCATED. .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR Related to Existing is Moving Time is Something Moving Toward Us Time is a Pursuer .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR landscape .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR time .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is the 'location branch' of time. In this metaphor the person experiencing time is a trajector, and the time itself is a landmark. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B TIME IS MONEY .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She spends her time unwisely. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The diversion should buy him some time. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Time is money .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR Related to Time is a Resource .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR money .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR time .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B TIME IS A RESOURCE .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We're almost out of time. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Don't waste time. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Find a better use for your time. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR related to Time is Money .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR resource, commodity .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR time .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B (BOUNDED) TIME IS A CONTAINER .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He did it in three minutes. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 In 1968. . . .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We're well into the century. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's like something out of the last century. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B TIME IS A PURSUER .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Time will catch up with him. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR related to Time is Something Moving Toward You Time is a Landscape We Move Through .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR pursuer .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR time .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B TIME IS A CHANGER .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Time heals all wounds. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Time will make you forget. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Time had made her look old. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Time had not been kind to him. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The ravages of time. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR related to Time is a healer. etc .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR changer .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR time .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: I am not listing all the special cases--these metaphors occur in poetry a lot and are discussed in MORE THAN COOL REASON .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR .ps .vs .in Jane Espenson, MORE THAN COOL REASON .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B A SCHEDULE IS A MOVING OBJECT .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He was behind (the) schedule. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He finally caught up to schedule. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Then he got ahead of schedule. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The class was trying to keep up with the schedule. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: A schedule can be any predetermined course of events. Motivation: a schedule defines a sequence of events, and events are understood to consititute a moving object. See Events file For some reason, we often use "schedule" as a max+ N, and do not use a determiner with it. .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR moving object, mover .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR schedule .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Adele Goldberg .ps .vs .in .ds LH MENTAL EVENTS .KE .ds RH The Mind is a Body .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B THE MIND IS A BODY .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: For specific cases, see: Mind is a Body (Object) Mind is a Body (Location) Mind is a Body (Food) Mind is a Body (Other) Mind is a Body (Perception) Mind is a Body (Adversary) .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Eve Sweetser (date), Mark Johnson (date) .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 1. MENTAL FITNESS IS PHYSICAL FITNESS .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His mind is strong and supple. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His mind is decaying. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The famous professor could perform astonishing mental feats. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The textbook contained many excercises for the students to practise on in order to get them in shape for the final. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They practise drills all day long. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 You have to go through long years of academic training in order to become strong in your field. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 In the summer, the mind tends to go flabby. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR AG & Nicole Maguire (185, '87) .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 2. MENTAL CONTROL IS PHYSICAL CONTROL .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP \fBSpecial sub-case 1:\fB Mental Control is Hand Control \fR .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 2a. Being in Control of S.T. is Having it in Hand .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I can handle the situation .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It's in the palm of my hand .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's like putty in my hands .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She's got command of the situation (from root man=hand) .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2b. Loosing Control of S.T. is Having it leave your Hand .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The idea just slipped through my fingers .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It's getting out of hand .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I dropped the ball (special case) .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I washed my hands of it. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2c. S.T over which you have no control can not be picked up .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That topic is too hot to handle .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I've got my hands full .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 My hands are tied .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2d. Control can be increased by making it easier to hold .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I've got a handle on it .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Get a grip .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2e. Control can be increased by having extra hands .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Give (or lend) me a hand .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Hired hand, deck hand, old hand .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2f. The features of the hand affect control .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's too heavy-handed .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm all thumbs .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Treat this with kid gloves .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's got the upper hand (with CONTROL IS UP) .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Mark Eginton (185, '89), Tanya Zimmerli (185, '89), Alan Schwartz .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR physical control .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR control .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP \fBSpecial sub-case 2:\fB Emotions Over Which We Have No Control Are Adversaries \fR .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He overcame his anger. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He wrestled with his feelings of jealousy. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He struggled with his feelings. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He conquered his resentment. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR AG, examples from Nicole Maguire .ps .vs .in .ds LH MENTAL EVENTS .KE .ds RH Mind is a Body (adversary) .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B DIFFICULT SUBJECTS ARE ADVERSARIES .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR adversary .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR difficult subjects .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Math 250 was a killer course. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That course was brutal, but I survived. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I thought it was a tame course, but it turned into a bear. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 1. The Mind is a Fighter .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 My brain has been struggling with math for weeks. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Thinking is Struggling .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He wrestled with the new subject until he came to understand it. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She struggled with the subject. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Understanding/Learning is Gaining Physical Control over the Material .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She wasn't able to tackle all the material, so he stayed behind. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He successfully conquered the material. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He has command over the material .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR related to Mental Control is Physical Control .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Nicole Maguire (185, '87), Alan Schwartz .ps .vs .in .ds LH MENTAL EVENTS .KE .ds RH The Mind is A Body (Food) .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B IDEAS ARE FOOD .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR food .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR ideas .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That class gave me food for thought. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She gave us some brain food. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Thinking is Preparing Food .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 1a. Thinking is Preparing Food by Cooking .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His idea was half-baked. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm tired of warmed-over theories. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 1b. Thinking is Preparing Food by Chewing .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Let me chew on that for a while. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I've been ruminating on that topic for a while. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Understanding is Digestion .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It'll take some time to digest that information. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Believing is Swallowing .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They swallowed whatever garbage he gave them. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Communication is Feeding .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The teacher spoon-fed them the information. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He insisted on sugar-coating his warnings. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We have a live satellite feed from London. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 5. Remembering is Regurgitating .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We have to regurgitate everything we learned on the final. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Can you spit back what I told you? .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBKnowledge structures:\fR Regurgitated food is not digested: it has not been assimilated, and it is in form similar to that in which it was ingested .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBEntailments:\fR Regurgitated ideas have not been understood, and they are remembered in the same form they were memorized .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 6. Learning is Eating .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They ate the lesson up. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They gobbled up the ideas. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Notice that we could get Learning is Eating through an interaction of LEARNING IS RECEIVING and GETTING IS EATING. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 6a. Interest is Appetite .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He has an appetite for learning. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She has an insatiable curiosity. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 6b. Needed Information is Nourishment .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 School nourishes your mind. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP \fBSpecial sub-case 1:\fB Learning via Reading is Eating \fR .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That's a very meaty book. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She devoured every article about China she could find. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: These are ideas that are received by a special kind of communication: reading. .vs .ps .in .fi .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Motivation: Since we understand the mind as a body, and we understand that a major way of getting things into our bodies is by eating, it is natural that we understand learning as eating. Also we know that nourishment is necessary for our well-being, and so when learning is understood to be necessary to our well-being, it is natural that we talk in terms of nourishment for the mind. .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Sara Armstrong (186, '86), Alan Schwartz .ps .vs .in .ds LH MENTAL EVENTS .KE .ds RH The Mind is a Body (Perception) .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B IDEAS ARE PERCEPTIONS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .sp .in 5m .XP 1. The Mind is/has an Eye .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Thinking is Examining .in 7m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBAlternate names:\fR Mental Investigation is Visual Inspection .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Let's take a closer look at that proposal. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He puts my ideas under a microscope. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He held it up to scrutiny. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She examined it closely. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He wanted to see all sides of the issue. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Understanding is Seeing .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 3a. Aids to Gaining Awareness are Aids to Vision. .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Can you shed more light on this issue? I don't quite see what you are talking about. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He spotlighted the issues that were important. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She finally opened her eyes to what was going on around her. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3b. Not being Aware of Reality is not Seeing Reality. .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He still has the illusions of his youth. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He sees only what he wants to see. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's not seeing things clearly. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The situation was going on under his nose, but he didn't realize it. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3c. Impediments to Awareness are Impediments to Seeing. .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I was in the dark for a long time. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 My early training had put blinders on me. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm just in a fog today, I don't know what is going on. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She walks around blindfolded. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His eyes are closed to everything around him. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3d. Awareness Despite Hindrance is Seeing Despite Visual Hindrance .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He saw through her lies. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He could see what was behind my actions. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He has eyes in the back on his head. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR AG & JE .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Communication is Showing .in 7m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBAlternate names:\fR Directing Someone's Attention is Directing Their Vision .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 See, you just have to look at it this way. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Look out for tricky spots. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Just look at what I'm trying to show you. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4a. Deception is the Purposeful Prevention of Sight: .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 4b. Through the use of covers: .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The Watergate cover-up. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He put up a good front. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He put on an act to hide his true motives. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Every spy needs a good cover. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4c. Through some impairment of vision: .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They purposefully left me in the dark regarding that point. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's deliberately clouding the issue. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They threw up a smoke screen of lies. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They obscured the issue. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She blinded me with claims of innocence. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 5. Remembering is Reviewing .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 6. Creativity is Seeing in a Different Light .in 7m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This metaphor is neutral between objects and locations, both of which can be seen. Some cases, however, (e.g. "put ideas under a microscope") require that the idea be an object. .vs .ps .in .fi .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: .nf Notice WHAT IS NOT MAPPED: Color: Not mapped from the source domain of vision is color. This may be because particular colors do not facilitate or hinder the vision process. We are able to use the color-related notion of camouflage, which is directly relevant to our ability to see: ("Well, despite the fact that his brilliant idea was well camouflaged in the midst of all that rhetoric, I was finally able to see it"). Motion (?): Quickly moving objects can be difficult to see; it is not clear whether movement is mapped in this metaphor. We do have: I didn't catch that, it was just a blur. He went so fast, that I didn't understand him. But it is not clear in these examples whether speed is affecting visual performance, or whether it is making the idea difficult to catch (on the Understanding is Grasping metaphor) or whether the speed referred to is the speed of the utterance. Although distance can obscure vision we don't say: *I can't see that idea, it's too far away. *Can you bring that idea closer, I'm having trouble understanding your point But you CAN say: He examined the idea very closely. He put the idea under a microscope. He brought the ideas down to earth for us. What is crucial is that the English word "see" is typically used, not to simply imply contact with the retina, but to imply becoming aware through vision. i.e.: See=defn by Marr in VISION : to know what is where by looking. Notice that we can say things like: 1. The keys were right in front of my eyes, but I didn't see them. 2. I believe you that this is a molecule, but all I can see is a fuzzy mess. 3. He listens but he doesn't hear, he looks but he doesn't see. However, we also have sentences like, 6. He saw a falling star, but he didn't know what it was. Perhaps, this type of sentence can be understood to involve two mental spaces, the speaker's reality, in which the perception was a falling star, and the subject's reality, in which it was not recognized as such; this idea would need to be supported by evidence. I think this analysis of SEE unifies the analysis of the following expressions: 1. I see what you are saying. (I am aware of what your point is) 2. I see. (I am aware of the situation) 3. I see the way to do it. 4. The solution was in front of my eyes, but I didn't see it. 5. The situation was going on under my nose, but I didn't see it. 6. See, you just have to... 7. Look, you just have to... .fi .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR MWLB, specifics by Adele Goldberg .ps .vs .in .ds LH MENTAL EVENTS .KE .ds RH The Mind is a Body (Locations) .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B IDEAS ARE LOCATIONS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR location, landscape .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR mental .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 1. The Mind is a Traveler .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Thinking is Moving in the Ideascape .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The data constrained my thoughts .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 My fear kept me from getting to the truth .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm letting my mind drift .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Don't jump to conclusions .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2a. Constrained Thought is Constrained Movement .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's all wrapped up in his beliefs .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's tied to a belief in objectivism .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That's a liberating idea .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: In fact, Manner of Thought is Manner of Motion, thus: He mind lept to the conclusion, etc. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP \fBSpecial sub-case 1:\fB Reasoning is Following a Path \fR .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We reason from premise to conclusion. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It goes against reason that she's guilty. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Reason forces me to that conclusion. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Reason leads me to that conclusion. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 1a. Facts are Guides to Our Movement .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The evidence pointed in all different directions. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 There is evidence opposing that conclusion. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 What we know goes against that conclusion. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This assumption is what's misleading us. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 1b. Arguments are Paths on which Thought travels .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We're getting off track .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Don't interrupt my train of thought .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I can follow what he's saying .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She's got a one-track mind .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Jane Espenson .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Understanding is Arriving .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 When will he come to the point? .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I can see where this is going .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Communication is Guiding .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The book led him to an understanding of Buddhism .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 5. Remembering is Returning to a Past Location .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 6. Creativity is Trailblazing .in 7m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Alan Schwartz .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B SUBJECTS ARE AREAS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He is working in many areas. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He is in a difficult field. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 There are many subareas in linguistics. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Research is Exploration .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The scientists forged ahead. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We're reaching uncharted territory, .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The theory breaks new ground, .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The scientists have covered a lot of ground in the last 100 years. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They are making headway, .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 There are many new frontiers of science, .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This could lead to new fields of research, .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That is still a wide open field. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Your dissertation should stake out new territory, preferably virgin territory. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The researchers surveyed the new material. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 1a. Making Discoveries is Seeing New Land or Objects .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 In the search for a cure, they left no stone unturned. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They unearthed new evidence. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They found a goldmine of new material. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They uncovered a few gems in doing their research. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 1b. The Field, After Being Surveyed, May Then Be Used For Agriculture .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This is a fertile area for research. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This topic would allow you to plow a new area in the field. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This is a barren topic. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The climate is good for producing some solid research. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR This interacts with the Theory as Plants metaphor .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBEntailments:\fR Exploration of a new territory preceeds the utilization of the territory (for agriculture or resources), when a student enters into a new field of study, he is likely to spend a considerable amount of time becoming aquainted with it. .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Eve Sweetser & JE & AG & Babette Jackson (185, '87) .ps .vs .in .ds LH MENTAL EVENTS .KE .ds RH The Mind is a Body (Objects) .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B IDEAS ARE OBJECTS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Sally gave the idea to Sam. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Sally took the idea from Sam. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Sally traded ideas with Sam. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Sally sold the idea to the highest bidder. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 IBM bought the idea from him. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Sally has an idea. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Sally put the idea aside. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Sally threw the idea at Sam. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Sally lost her idea. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Sally found an idea in the book. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Sally carries that idea around with her all the time. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Sally searched for an idea all day. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBKnowledge structures:\fR Most causal structure is mapped, EXCEPT that source domain giving entails that the giver no longer has the idea, whereas giving an idea does not entail that the giver no longer has the idea. .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBKnowledge structures:\fR Objects have several general attributes: weight size shape feel density color Some of these attributes are mapped to the target domain of Ideas via several specific metaphors: e.g. Heavy is Serious, Important is Big. .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: What is the metaphor that licenses these? 1 Let him polish that idea a little and bring it back to us. 2 I get the rough idea. 3 That idea is still rough around the edges, why don't you fix it? .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 1. The Mind is a Container for Objects .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I can't get this idea out of my mind. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 What did you have in mind? .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Thinking is Possessing an Object .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I have an idea. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Thinking is Manipulating an Object .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm playing with the idea of a trip to Hawaii. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I've been turning it over in my mind. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Understanding is Grasping .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I got it. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I grasped the idea. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I have a firm grasp of the subject. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4a. Inability to Understand is Inability to Grasp .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It's a slippery concept. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I grasped the idea. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm all thumbs at algebra. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The idea slipped through my fingers. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That theory is out of my reach. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That idea is above me. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Algebra is beyond my grasp. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Algebra is over my head. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 5. Communication is Transfer .in 7m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBAlternate names:\fR The CONDUIT METAPHOR (see Communication) .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 6. Believing is Holding .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 7. Memory is a Container for Objects .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 7a. Memorizing is Storing Objects .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 7b. Remembering is Retrieving Objects .in 7m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: The Container is a LIFO stack - retrieve - recall .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 8. LEARNING IS TAKING IN .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I took in everything I was told .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP \fBSpecial sub-case 1:\fB LEARNING IS EATING \fR .in 7m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR see IDEAS ARE FOOD mapping for details: in file MentalFood .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Note that LEARNING IS EATING can also be analyzed as LEARNING IS RECEPTION + GETTING IS EATING. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP \fBSpecial sub-case 2:\fB LEARNING IS ABSORBING \fR .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I soaked in everything the teacher said. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He has a mind like a sponge. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He has a thirst for knowledge. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's a good lecturer; I just drink in the information. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP \fBSpecial sub-case 3:\fB Communicating Opinion is Feeding \fR .in 7m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBAlternate names:\fR Receiving Communicated Opinion is Eating .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His criticism really stuck in my craw. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She's starving for recognition. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Tell her more, she's really eating it up. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She drank in their praise. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This may not be the best placement for this mapping. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB IDEAS ARE MOVING OBJECTS \fR .in 5m .sp .in 5m .XP 1. The Mind is a Landmark .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 2. The Mind is Pursuer .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Thinking is Approaching the Object .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Understanding is Collocation .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 4a. Having Objects Come to You .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The idea suddenly came to me. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4b. Catching Objects .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It escaped my grasp. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It went over my head. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It flew by me, .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It went by me. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4c. Ease of understanding is determined by Ease of catching .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He threw us curve balls. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The ideas are coming too fast. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The teacher threw too many things at us at once. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 5. Remembering is Recollocating .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 5a. Having Objects Return to You .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 5b. Recapturing Objects .in 7m .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 2:\fB IDEAS ARE CONSTRUCTED OBJECTS \fR .in 5m .sp .in 5m .XP 1. The Mind is a Builder .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Thinking is Building/Forming/Shaping .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Memorizing is Forming Memories .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Remembering is Reconstructing .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 5. Compatibility of Ideas is Compatibility of Shape .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 What you're saying fits in with my thinking .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That idea formed the basis for my belief .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Your theory has shaped/reshaped my views .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: When something shapes something else, the two entities have a compatability of shape. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP \fBSpecial sub-case 1:\fB Beliefs are Structures \fR .in 7m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See File: Argument .vs .ps .in .fi .ds LH MENTAL EVENTS .KE .ds RH Mind is a Body (Other) .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B IDEAS ARE WRITING .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .sp .in 5m .XP 1. The Mind is a Wax Tablet/Paper .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Understanding is Having Ideas Register .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Communication is Showing .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Beliefs are Impressions .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 5. Memorizing is Writing .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 6. Remembering is Reviewing .in 7m .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B IDEAS ARE CHILDREN (w.r.t development) .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .sp .in 5m .XP 1. The Mind is a Parent .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Thinking is Giving Birth .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Thinking is Having Ideas Develop/Grow .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Remembering is Resurrecting .in 7m .ds LH MENTAL EVENTS .KE .ds RH Ideas .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B IDEAS ARE FASHIONS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That's a pretty outmoded idea. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B IDEAS ARE LIGHT SOURCES .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 What a bright idea! .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That idea really illuminates the problem. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B IDEAS ARE RESOURCES .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm out of ideas. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: With respect to Ideas in general, it is uncertain if IDEAS ARE MONEY or IDEASARE PRODUCTS are needed. .vs .ps .in .fi .ds LH MENTAL EVENTS .KE .ds RH Beliefs .bp .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Most metaphors for beliefs are special cases of metaphors for ideas in general. They may have some added structure because of our knowledge about beliefs (mainly that beliefs are personal, important, and resistant to change). .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B BELIEFS ARE POSSESSIONS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR See IDEAS ARE OBJECTS .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I hold certain beliefs. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He has strong beliefs. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He clings to his beliefs. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We share many beliefs. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He acquired most of his beliefs during childhood. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Don't give up your beliefs. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He carries a belief in her innocence in his heart. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR possessions .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR beliefs .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Believing is Holding .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I hold that he is innocent. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Acquiring a Belief is Acquiring a Possession .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He acquired his beliefs during childhood. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He took up a whole new set of beliefs while he was in prison. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Deciding to Believe is Deciding to Acquire a Possession .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I briefly toyed with a belief in a higher power. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4. No Longer Believing is No Longer Having in Possession .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I dropped my belief in his innocence when I saw the evidence. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 You'll have to let go of your belief in Santa Claus. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I don't hold that belief. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That isn't one of my beliefs. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Jane Espenson .ps .vs .in .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB BELIEFS ARE COMMODITIES \fR .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR commodities, goods, value .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR belief .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Believing is Owning Goods .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He took stock of what he believed. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She took inventory of her beliefs. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. No Longer Believing is Selling Out .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He sold out his dearest beliefs. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Arguing for a Belief is Trying to Sell It .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He tryed to sell be a load of hooey. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I almost bought his line. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Accepting a Belief is Buying It .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I really buy what he's saying. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3a. Accepting a Belief shared by others is Buying Into It .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He bought into the beliefs of one of those cults. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Importance of a Belief is the Price of a Good .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That is one of his dearest beliefs. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He puts a great deal of value on that belief. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: What part of this is "set store in a belief"? .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Jane Espenson .ps .vs .in .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 2:\fB BELIEFS ARE CONSTRUCTED OBJECTS \fR .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR constructed objects .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR beliefs .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Forces Influencing Beliefs are Shaping Forces .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His experiences shaped his beliefs. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His experiences helped form his beliefs. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His beliefs were molded early in his youth. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The war twisted his beliefs. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Loneliness had twisted her beliefs. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His beliefs were forged by years of education. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Her beliefs are already set. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. A Belief No Longer Held is an Object that has been Destroyed .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His belief in Santa was shattered when he found the costume. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 My faith in her crumbled when I saw the evidence. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. The Strength of a Belief is the Strength of the Object .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I have a strong belief in her. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He maintained a solid belief in God. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He maintains a set of iron-clad beliefs. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His belief in me was already weak. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4. The Changeability of a Belief is the Resilience of the Object .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Her beliefs are far too rigid. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 My beliefs are flexible. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 5. The Importance of a Belief is the Weight of the Object. .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I attach a lot of weight to that belief. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP \fBSpecial sub-case 1:\fB Beliefs are Structures \fR .in 7m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Structures are constructed objects which require support and can give support. Support is understood via ALLOWING CONTINUED EXISTENCE IS ALLOWING CONTINUED VERTICALITY (part of EXISTENCE IS UP.) .vs .ps .in .fi .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His beliefs are built on experience .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Her beliefs are buttressed by facts .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That belief is without grounds .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His beliefs are without foundation .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Jane Espenson .ps .vs .in .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 3:\fB BELIEFS ARE CLOTHES \fR .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR clothes .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR beliefs .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 1. No Longer Believing is No Longer Wearing .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He cast off his earlier beliefs. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He shed his earlier beliefs. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Progressing Beyond Ones Beliefs is Outgrowing .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He outgrew his belief in the tooth fairy when he was seven. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is a Basic Level metaphor. It may be a special case of BELIEFS ARE POSSESSIONS. It may be related to BELIEFS ARE FASHIONS. .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Jane Espenson .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B BELIEFS ARE FASHIONS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 A belief in materialism is passe/old-fashioned/out-moded/antiquated. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR fashions .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR beliefs .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is a Superordinate Metaphor. It may be related to BELIEFS ARE CLOTHES. .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Jane Espenson .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B BELIEFS ARE BEINGS WITH A LIFE CYCLE .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The belief lives on. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That belief died out years ago. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That belief was born of the early philosophers. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR beings, life cycle .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR beliefs .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is a special case of EXISTENCE IS LIFE. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB BELIEFS ARE PLANTS \fR .in 5m .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Development of a Belief is Growth of a Plant .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This is just the seed of a belief. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This belief stems from my basic morality. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This belief is an offshoot of my faith. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This belief has been growing in me for years. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This belief has taken root in my mind. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This is a flourishing belief in this culture.' .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I planted the belief in his mind. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Basis of a Belief is Rooting of a Plant .in 7m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR MAINTAINING EXISTENCE IS SUPPORTING .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This is a deeply rooted belief. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This belief is rooted in fact. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Encouraging a Beliefs is Cultivating a Plant .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I cultivated a belief in my infallability amoung my subordinates. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B BELIEFS ARE LOVE OBJECTS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB BELIEFS ARE LOVERS \fR .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR lovers, spouses, partners, people .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR beliefs .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Considering Believing is Considering Entering a Relationship .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He flirted with a belief in utter hedonism in his youth. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Accepting a Belief is Entering a Relationship .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He embraced that belief wholeheartedly. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He is wedded to a belief in his own infallability. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He espoused that belief publically. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. A Tempting Belief is a Tempting Possible Partner .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That's a seductive belief. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That's an enticing belief. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 There is something attractive about that belief. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Maintaining a Belief is Loving a Partner .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He cherishes his faith. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He holds that belief dear. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He is taken with that belief. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 5. Giving up a Belief is Ending the Relationship .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He repudiated his earlier belief. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He has totally divorced himself from that belief. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Jane Espenson .ps .vs .in .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 2:\fB BELIEFS ARE CHILDREN / PETS \fR .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR children, pets, animals, babies .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR beliefs .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That has always been his pet belief. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Taking up a Belief is Gaining a Child or Pet .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He adopted that belief late in his life. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Maintaining a Belief is Caring for a Child or Pet .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He nourished his belief with weekly church visits. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He fostered the belief within himself. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Notice that "give birth to" isn't here, because I think that means to bring a belief into being, while according to this mapping it should mean to believe it (each person should give birth only to their own beliefs). .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Jane Espenson .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B BELIEFS ARE GUIDES .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Beliefs dictate actions. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 You are governed by your beliefs. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 You are guided by beliefs. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 There are misleading beliefs. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 You are led by your beliefs. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 You go by your beliefs. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 You hold to your beliefs. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR guides, influences, paths .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR beliefs .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Some of this looks like BELIEFS ARE PATHS, with paths understood as guiding forces. Notice that beliefs, as well as being able to misguide you, can themselves be misguided, why is this? .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Jane Espenson .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B BELIEFS ARE LOCATIONS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR locations .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR beliefs .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR Special case of IDEAS ARE LOCATIONS (See MentalLoc) .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Mind is a Body--Johnson. .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B DANGEROUS BELIEFS ARE CONTAGIOUS DISEASES .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR disease .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR belief .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR This metaphor is often used with SOCIETY IS A BODY .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 an infectious idea .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 the contagion of democratic ideas .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Conveying the Belief is Spreading the Disease .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Believers are Infected .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 the children were infected with ideas about socialism .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 they quarantined the Japanese .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: As can be seen in the two examples, There are two ways of looking at the believers: they can be either infected victims or dangerous spreaders of infection. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Controlling the Belief is Containing the Spread of the Disease .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 we have to take extreme measures and amputate the gangrenous limb before it kills our nation .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBKnowledge structures:\fR The disease has no right to be there, brute force needed for removal .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Tony Moy, Susan Sontag .ps .vs .in .ds LH MENTAL EVENTS .KE .ds RH Theories .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B THEORIES ARE BEINGS WITH LIFE CYCLES .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The theory died out. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The theory is in the early stages of its development .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This theory has been alive a long time. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR beings, people, plants .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR theories .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Theories are People (w.r.t life cycle) .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 A new theory was given birth. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The theory was dead and buried. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The theory was eventually retired. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Theories are Plants (w.r.t. life cycle) .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This theory is withering on the vine. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This theory is still productive. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This theory is past the time when it can bear fruit for us. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The theory grew out of their earlier work. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The theory was a natural outgrowth of their work. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Many theories sprang up out of the fertile soil of his discoveries. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The theory was nourished by later experimental results. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See SPAN OF EXISTENCE IS A LIFE SPAN .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B THEORIES ARE PEOPLE (w.r.t. family tree structure) .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Descendant theories. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This theory fathered many others. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Those theories are related. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The theories are distant cousins. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That theory spawned many new theories. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR people, family tree .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR theories .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B THEORIES ARE PEOPLE (w.r.t. opinions) .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The theories agree/disagree with each other on that issue. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This theory doesn't say anything about that point. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This theory doesn't take a stand on that. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The theory predicts. . . .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The theory makes certain assumptions. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The theory aligned itself with/diverged from/ran up against other theories. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR people, opinions .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR theories .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Looks like the THEORIES IN WAR one above: note 'take a stand' .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B THEORIES ARE CONSTRUCTED OBJECTS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR constructed objects, objects, machines, buildings .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR theories .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR IDEAS ARE CONSTRUCTRED OBJECTS .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They assembled a theory. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They put/pieced a theory together. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 One piece of the theory doesn't fit. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB Theories are Machines \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The theory broke down. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They theory was successfully fixed. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The well-oiled machinery of his theory. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The theory churned out results. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The theory was assembled by a number of scientists working together. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This theory was too many moving parts. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 2:\fB Theories are Buildings \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They constructed this theory from the ground up. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The theory was torn down brick by brick by its opponants. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His early results form the building blocks for his theory. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His theory was ornate and needed buttressing. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Buildings related to REASONS ARE GROUND. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B THEORIES ARE COVERS FOR THE FACTS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The theory was expanded to cover more data. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That theory covers a lot of territory. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The theory filled in gaps left in earlier accounts. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The theory fit the data closely. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The theory doesn't fit with the facts. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 There was a hole in theory (it fails to cover all the facts) .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The theory is closely tied to the facts. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR cover, facts, covers .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR theories .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: related to THEORIES ARE CLOTHING FOR FACTS .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B THEORIES ARE CLOTH .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 A finely woven theory. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The very fabric of the theory. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The theory fell apart at the seams. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It was a patchwork/crazy quilt of a theoruy. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR cloth, clothing .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR theories .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Theories are Clothing for Facts .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The theory fit the data nicely. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Let's look at the naked facts. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The theory seems tailor-made for our data. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They cloaked the facts in a fancy theory. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 There aren't enough facts to hang that theory on. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 These facts really stretch the theory. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR JE and AG .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B FACTS ARE POINTS (set up in spatial configuration) .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The theory touches on those points. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 You have to take into account the way the facts are laid out. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR points .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR facts, fact .ps .vs .in .ds LH MENTAL EVENTS .KE .ds RH Debate .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B THEORETICAL DEBATE IS COMPETITION .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR competition .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR theory, theories, believers .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 One theory emerged victorious over the other. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The adherents of that theory will soon be beaten out by new theorists. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The newer theory won out in the end. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This theory is unmatched/unequaled. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Those are rival/competing theories. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB Theoretical Debate is a Race \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Evolution is the leading biological theory .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Steady-state theories have fallen by the wayside .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 2:\fB Theoretical Debate is a Battle \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 A fierce battle is shaping up in modern philosophy. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Those two theories have been fighting it out for years. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 3:\fB Theories are Leaders of the Competing Believers \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That group has expressed alliegence to the newer theory. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That one is currently the reigning theory. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That theory won many adherents. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 4:\fB Theories are Defensible Positions \fR .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBAlternate names:\fR ARGUMENT IS WAR .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR BELIEFS ARE STRUCTURES .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 What is his position on the issue? .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He took a stand on abortion .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP \fBSpecial sub-case 1:\fB Theories are Fortifications \fR .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Her belief was shaky; it didn't stand up to attack .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That's a firmly entrenched belief .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Data is Territory .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP \fBSpecial sub-case 1:\fB Data Explained by a Theory is Governed by the Theory \fR .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 A successful theory governs all the observable data. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP \fBSpecial sub-case 2:\fB Data Explained by a Theory is Covered by the Theory \fR .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 What phenomena does your theory cover? .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Reasons for a Theory are Grounds .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 What are the grounds of that belief? .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Attacking a Theory is Attacking a Fortification .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He tried to sway her belief. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Her beliefs came under attack. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He attacked my position on abortion .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3a. Specific Arguments in a Debate are Single Attacks .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He parried/turned aside/deflected my argument. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She launched a devastating reposte. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I shot/knocked down her arguments .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I torpedoed his arguments .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He tried a new line of attack .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Basic Assumptions of a Theory are Foundations .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 4a. Arguing against Assumptions of Theories is Attacking Foundations .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He chipped away at the foundation for her beliefs. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He tried to undermine her belief. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 5. Believers of the Theory Protect the Theory from Collapse .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 5a. Believers are Supporters .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 What view does he uphold? .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She is a vehement supporter of creationism. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 5b. Believers are Defenders .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They are defenders of the Whorfian position. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I defended my belief in capital punishment .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 6. Abandoning a Belief is Retreating from a Position .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I retreated from my stand on taxation under his cynical attacks .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBKnowledge structures:\fR .nf This metaphor system is based on a schema of feudal war: (1) Rulers control territory by building fortifications (2) The more territory a fortification commands, the more powerful it is (3) In war, the goal is to capture as much territory as possible (4) Fortifications are defensible because they have both strong construction and many soldiers .fi .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBEntailments:\fR .nf In the target domain, (1) People explain data by constructing theories (2) The more data a theory explains, the stronger it is (3) When theories compete, they each seek to explain as much territory as possible (4) Theories are defensible when they have both strong foundations and many supporters/defenders .fi .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR MWLB, GL, JE, Alan Schwartz, Colleen Cotter .ps .vs .in .ds LH MENTAL EVENTS .KE .ds RH Communication .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B THE CONDUIT METAPHOR .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBAlternate names:\fR Communication is Transfer .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR transfer .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR communication .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR IDEAS ARE OBJECTS .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Defns: Content: idea or meaning Stimulus: linguistic or non-linguistic entity which is understood to have conventionalized meaning, e.g.: books, words, movies, pictures, actions. In the following examples, the empty brackets, {}, can be replaced by any members of the following set: {the book, his words, the movie, the picture} .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 1. The Content is contained in the Stimulus .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He extracted a lot of ideas from {}. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He found the knowledge in a new book. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Your words seem rather hollow. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That movie/the book was filled with meaning. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 There was a lot of content in {}. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 {} was filled with meaning. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He put a lot of meaning into {}. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He packed {} with ideas. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The poem was bursting with meaning. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Don't force your meanings into the wrong words. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Harry does not exactly overload his paragraphs with thought. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Try to capture your good ideas in words. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 In other words. . . .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. The Content travels across to the experiencer; the experiencer understands the content upon reception. .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 the message came through from {}. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 {} got the idea across to her. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 {} sent a clear message to him. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The point didn't get across to her from {}. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He extracted a lot of ideas from the essay. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Susan presented Jane with some unusual ideas. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 {} didn't get the feeling across to the audience. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: The stimulus of the Content can be understood to travel across bearing the Content which then gets transferred to the experiencer. 1 Use {your actions, your artwork, your words} as a VEHICLE for your thoughts. 2 Use {your actions, your artwork, your words} as a means to get your message across. 3 The music put a new idea in my head. 4 His words carry little in the way of recognizable meaning. 5 his words, pregnant with meaning, fell on unreceptive ears. .vs .ps .in .fi .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: The stimulus of the Content need not be explicit. The Content may exist independently of the experiencer. 1 The idea just came to him. 2 the thought came to him in his sleep. 3 He suddenly caught the idea. In this case, it is not necessary that the Content be moving: 4 That concept was out of my reach/above me/beyond my grasp. .vs .ps .in .fi .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: There also need not be any explicit experiencer: (Reddy's "minor framework") 1 That movie is overflowing with deep meaning. 2 Interesting ideas just pour out of her. 3 Many great thoughts came from him. 4 The book at least put the ideas into circulation. .vs .ps .in .fi .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: There may be no explicit experiencer or stimulus: 1 That idea has been floating around for a long time. 2 You can find those ideas all over the place. 3 There was an angry feeling in the air. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Ideas are projectiles, which the sender conveys in some manner: .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Then she threw the question of money at me. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He launched the discussion. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He heaved the whole issue onto me. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He hurled his criticisms at me, one after another. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: The stimulus of the Content can travel in such a manner, initiated by the sender, that the recipient has some notion as to how to respond (deflect, protect, meet the challenge) to what is being received.) .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Michael Reddy (Conduit Metaphor), AG .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This analysis is slightly different than Reddy's: 1) not only linguistic entities, but anything that is understood to have conventionalized meaning can be the stimulus in the above examples. 2) Reddy includes exx which we now classify under different metaphors, e.g.: 1. The book gave her a good idea. is an example of a Causation metaphor, because we want to generalize over examples such as: 2. The music gave her a headache. 3. The sight of the tree gave her a good idea. 4. The pastrami gave her indigestion. .vs .ps .in .fi .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Others of Reddy's exx are also described as being exx of other metaphors, e.g.: 1. He immersed himself in the new ideas. 2. Don't bury yourself in these concepts. 3. She lost herself in her thoughts. In each of these examples, the target domain is thinking, not communicating, and the source domain involves immersion, not transfer. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B COMMUNICATION IS LINGUISTIC COMMUNICATION .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBGrounding:\fR Generic is Specific .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Body language .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 A pictue is worth a thousand words .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB COMMUNICATION IS SPEECH \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He gave me a look that spoke volumes. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 What does that painting say to you? .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 A glance in the box told me all I needed to know. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Her eyes said yes. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His face related to me a story of hard times. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His clothes were loud; they shouted his bad taste to the world. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He made an eloquent gesture. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His poetry was possessed of its own special voice. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR speech .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR communication .ps .vs .in .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 2:\fB COMMUNICATION IS WRITING \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His guilt was written all over his face. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I read more into his actions than actually was there. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I finally managed to decode/interpret his actions. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Do I have to spell it out for you? .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I can read him like a book. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 When he said "God," he said it with a capital G. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His gestures underlined what he was saying. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She always spoke in italics. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR writing .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR communication .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Jane Espenson .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B WORDS ARE WEAPONS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She used some sharp words. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That was pretty cutting language. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It was a barrage of insults. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He was bombarded by insults. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He hurled insults at her. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: It isn't clear if it is the words or the ideas or both that are weapons-- the degree of interaction with CONDUIT is also unknown. Question: what is "she has a sharp tongue?" .vs .ps .in .fi .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Alan Thinks: Cases 3-5 are conduit (Ideas are projectiles stuff), interacting with HARM IS PHYSICAL INJURY Case 1-2 is just (Emotional) HARM IS PHYSICAL INJURY But why words? .vs .ps .in .fi .ds LH MENTAL EVENTS .KE .ds RH Logic .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B LOGICAL RELATIONS ARE CAUSAL RELATIONS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR causal, causation, causality .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR logical, logic .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Because all men are mortal, Socrates is mortal. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Socrates' mortality is a result of the mortality of all men. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The mortality of all men makes Socrates mortal. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Cauality is an odd source domain, because we believe that causality is itself always understood via a source domain of its own. This means that logic is understood indirectly via the source domains used to structure causation. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB LOGIC IS CAUSATION IS CONTROL OVER MOTION OF AN AFFECTED PARTY \fR .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBAlternate names:\fR LOGIC IS A FORCE THAT MOVES A MIND .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His reasoning forced me to a conclusion I didn't like. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Your premises aren't going to allow you to reach the correct solution. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Notice that this involves MIND IS A BODY MOVING IN SPACE. See the File on this metaphor: MentalLoc .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Logical Arguments are Paths to Solutions .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Your argument is leading away from the conclusion you want to reach. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Follow your reasoning where it takes you. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I've been thinking about this along a different path. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is the MIND IS A BODY (LOCATION CASE) version of the causal mapping: CAUSAL MEANS ARE PATHS. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 2:\fB LOGIC IS CAUSATION IS CONTROL OVER MOTION OF AN OBJECT RELATIVE TO AFFECTED PARTY \fR .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBAlternate names:\fR LOGIC IS CONTROL OVER MENTAL POSSESSIONS .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This argument yields the following conclusions. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Does your reasoning give you the answer you wanted? .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This involves MIND IS A BODY (Object case). See File on this Metaphor: MentalObj .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Premises are the Source of the Conclusion .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Once you get your assumptions right, the solution falls out. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 What kind of answer is going to come out of these premises? .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His conclusion sprang from faulty premises. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is the MIND IS A BODY (OBJECT CASE) version of the causal mapping: NECESSARY PREREQUISITES ARE SOURCES OF EFFECTS. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B LOGIC IS GRAVITY .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR BELIEFS ARE STRUCTURES, LOGIC IS A FORCE .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: It has been suggested that the force of logic can interact with beliefs/theories as structures coherently by understanding logic as gravity. A theory which is not well-constructed or adequately supported will thus topple under this force. .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR student paper (106, '91) .ps .vs .in .ds LH MENTAL EVENTS .KE .ds RH Perception .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B PERCEPTION IS RECEPTION .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The sight knocked me over. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The smell hit my nose. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The smell made its way to him. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He soaked up the wonderful aroma. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 When the sound of the baby crying reached his ears, he relaxed. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR reception, getting, possession .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR perception, perceiving, seeing, smelling, hearing .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: The perception is understood as traveling from the outside to the experiencer. Notice we do not have separate words for sensory experience as perceived apart from stimulus: "That is a wonderful view/sight/smell/sound," "I experienced a wonderful view/sight/smell/ sound." .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB Perceiving is Eating \fR .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBAlternate names:\fR Seeing is Eating, Hearing is Eating .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Feast your eyes on this beauty! .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They drank in the view. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His eyes are bigger than his stomach. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He devoured her with his eyes. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She's a real treat for the eyes. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBFolk theories:\fR I gain weight just looking at lasagna. .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He used some pretty salty language. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She tossed off a few acerbic remarks. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He gave a pretty spicy account of his adventures. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 There was a definite Spanish flavor to the music. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I relish every word he says. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He didn't mince words. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 What he said left a bad taste in my mouth. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is Perception is Reception + Getting is Eating. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP \fBSpecial sub-case 1:\fB Reading is Eating \fR .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I relish/savor every word that poet writes. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His writing style is rather stale. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: There is a similar metaphor to Reading is Eating in the MentalFood file. It involves learning that is done via reading, but the examples here above have more to do with the perceived qualities of the words that are read than with their intellectual content. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B PERCEPTION IS SHAPE RECOGNITION .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I can't figure him out .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I sized him up .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She's a well-known political figure .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He cuts a splendid figure .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They don't fit my idea of a close couple. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Figures are people who are easily recognized, because their "figureness" is evident. I'm not sure about #4 .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B SEEING IS TOUCHING, EYES ARE LIMBS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR touching, limbs .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR seeing, eyes, looking .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Looking At Something On Purpose is Touching it With Eyes or Glance .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I couldn't take my eyes off of him. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I felt his glance. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I met his glance with my own. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Discovering by Looking is Manipulating with Eyes or Glance .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Her eyes picked out a detail in the pattern. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Seeing Something By Accident is Accidently Touching it with Eyes or Glance .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 My eyes happened to fall on the crucial clue. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 My glance happened to fall on the photograph. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Our eyes met. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Perhaps the "glance" is understood as a limb. "Eyes" in metonymy? Interacts with UNDERSTANDING IS SEEING. Seeing through deception propably needs EYES ARE LIMBS. .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Metaphors We Live By .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B THE VISUAL FIELD IS A BOUNDED REGION .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Field of vison .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR bounded region .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR visual field, view, field of vision .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Within Sight is Within Region .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The crowd extends out to the very edges of my field of vision. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Peripheral vision. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Out of Sight is Out of Bounded Region .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The huge crowd extends beyond my field of vision. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Jane Espenson .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B THE VISUAL FIELD IS A CONTAINER .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR container .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR visual field, view, field of vision .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Within Sight is Within Container .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It was well within my field of vision. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 My field of vision was entirely filled by the huge crowd. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He came into view. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Out of Sight is Outside Container .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It was outside of my field of vision. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He went out of view. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Is it really VISUAL FIELD IS A BOUNDED REGION plus BOUNDED REGIONS ARE CONTAINERS? How could we tell? .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Metaphors We Live By .ps .vs .in .ds LH MENTAL EVENTS .KE .ds RH Psychological Forces .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B PSYCHOLOGICAL FORCES ARE PHYSICAL FORCES. .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Influence is a Force .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He can exert his influence on her. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Her influence was strong. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She could bend his will. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Reagan brought pressure to bear upon his cabinet. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Manipulation is Physical Manipulation .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He twisted everyone's emotions. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He shaped the situation to his own liking. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He molded his son into his own image. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She was silly putty in his hands. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2a. Being Easily Manipulated is Being Easily Physically Manipulated .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She was silly putty in his hands. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He is quite maleable. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2b. Psychological Impact is Physical Impact .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His death made quite an impact on us all. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2c. Psychological Benefit is Physical Benefit .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's a smooth talker; he knows how to massage anyone's ego. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Thoughts of his beloved nourished his soul. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His pleasant remarks picked me up. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The psychologist really seemed to heal him, she has a magic touch. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2d. Psychological Harm is Physical Harm .in 7m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See metaphors for HARM .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR physical manipulation .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR manipulation .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Part of a larger metaphor involving Change is Movement? .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR JE and AG .ps .vs .in .ds LH MENTAL EVENTS .KE .ds RH Rationality .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B RATIONAL IS UP .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The discussion fell to the emotional level, but I raised it back up to the rational plane. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 high-level intellectual discussion. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He couldn't rise above his emotions. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 high vs. low brow .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Does this relate to WELL-BEING IS UP, with a cultural judgement that rationality is necessary for well-being. Or perhaps MORAL IS UP, and rationality is esteemed as virtuous (Enlightenment ethics) .vs .ps .in .fi .ds LH MENTAL EVENTS .KE .ds RH Research .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B CONDUCTING RESEARCH IS SOLVING A PUZZLE .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He finally got the pieces to fall into place. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 One piece was still missing from the picture. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Babbette Jackson .ps .vs .in .ds LH MENTAL EVENTS .KE .ds RH Other Mental .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B RECEIVING SERIOUS THOUGHT IS BEING ON THE MIND .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It seems something is on your mind. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 What's on your mind? .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It was weighing heavily/*resting lightly on her mind. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Can't get it off my mind. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B MENTAL ACCOUNTING .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR THINKING IS CALCULATING .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR accounting .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR thinking .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBGrounding:\fR Generic-is-specific .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Events are Transactions .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 1a. Events are Ledger Entries .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Results are Net Balances .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 In sum, .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 To sum it all up. . . .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 So what's the bottom line? .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBKnowledge structures:\fR The transactions add up to the balance .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBEntailments:\fR Events taken together yield the result .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Understanding the Causation is Adding up/Figuring out .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 figure it out .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 that figures .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I figure .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 How does that figure in? .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I reckon .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It doesn't add up. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 a calculating person .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 a calculated risk .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I can put two and two together. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This adds up to trouble .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This sort of part-whole schema for causal factors and resultant effects can also be seen in expressions like "This spells trouble" and need further work. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Explaining the Causation is Accounting .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She gave an account of her day .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 How do you account for this fact? .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBKnowledge structures:\fR An account is literally "a count" of transactions .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 4a. Explaining the Causation is Counting the Factors .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I didn't count on his showing up too. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I didn't take account of that possibility. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I didn't take that possibility into account. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This metaphor is used to talk about our understanding of causation (rather than about causation itself). Like other such epistemic metaphors, it works "backwards", reasoning from effects to causes. .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR GL, JE, Alan Schwartz .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B INTELLIGENCE/IDEA IS A CUTTING INSTRUMENT .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He is very incisive. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He always cuts to the heart of the problem. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She's really sharp. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He used extensive reading to hone his intellect. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B INTELLIGENCE IS A LIGHT SOURCE .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He is very bright. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He can always shed light on the problem. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I always thought he was a little dim. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B COHERENT IS WHOLE .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR unified, united, whole .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR coherent .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Something is missing in that argument, .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 A unified theory, .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His thoughts are scattered, .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The theory is a mess/ all over the place .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Everything fell into place. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm missing a piece of the puzzle. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 How/where does this fit with what you were saying before? .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His argument lacked coherence. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That story just doesn't hang together. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR whole .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR coherence, knowledge .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B COHERENT IS ALIGNED .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 . . .an anomaly that cannot. . .be aligned with professional expectation. (Kuhn, Structure of Scientific Revolutions, p. 15) .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I can't get this fact to line up with what I already know. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B THE MIND IS A MACHINE .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He has a screw loose. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He slipped a cog. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I could see the wheels turning. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He churns out ideas. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B MIND, or MENTAL SELF IS A BRITTLE OBJECT .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He cracked up. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His mind snapped. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's mentally fragile. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: In this mapping breaking is going crazy. In EMOTIONAL SELF IS A BRITTLE OBJECT breaking is becoming inconsolably depressed. .vs .ps .in .fi .ds LH EMOTION .KE .ds RH Emotion .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B EMOTIONS ARE ENTITIES WITHIN A PERSON .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBAlternate names:\fR BODY IS CONTAINER FOR EMOTIONS. .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR entities, substances .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR emotions .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I was filled with rage. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She was overflowing with joy. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She could hardly contain her anger. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Emotions are Liquids Within a Person .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He poured out his hate on us. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She drank in his love. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm drowning in sorrow .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's stirred up .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She's bubbling with excitement .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Very intense emotions put pressure on the container to escape (see INTENSE EMOTIONS ARE HEAT) .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP \fBSpecial sub-case 1:\fB Emotions are Liquids in the Eyes \fR .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His eyes were full of love. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His eyes were overflowing with emotion. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I could see the hatred in his eyes. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B EMOTIONS ARE FORCES .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR forces, causes, motion .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR emotions .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Emotions are Physical Forces .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I was moved by the poem .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I was pushed into depression .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She was carried away by the song .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He was struck by anger .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Probably a special case of PSYCHOLOGICAL FORCES ARE PHYSICAL FORCES .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Emotions are Electromagnetic Forces .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She felt charged up with anxiety .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I discharged my anger on him .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I can feel the good vibrations .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's got a lot of negative energy .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Stuart Smith (185, '87) .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See also EMOTION IS MOTION. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B PEOPLE ARE BATTERIES .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm all charged up and full of energy .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She was energized by the applause .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He got a charge out of it .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I need a jump start on Monday mornings .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR batteries .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR people, emotions .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is the intersection of EMOTIONS ARE ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCES and THE BODY IS A CONTAINER FOR EMOTIONS. .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Stuart Smith (185, '87) .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B INTENSE EMOTIONS ARE HEAT .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR heat .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR emotion .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR INTENSITY IS TEMPERATURE .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The crowd was all fired up .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He had a burning emotion .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB ANGER IS HEAT \fR .in 5m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See Anger .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 2:\fB LUST IS HEAT \fR .in 5m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See Lust .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 3:\fB AFFECTION IS WARMTH \fR .in 5m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See Love .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Kovesces, WF&DT .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B EMOTIONS ARE LOCATIONS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR location .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR emotion .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBAlternate names:\fR This is STATES ARE LOCATIONS .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B EMOTIONAL SELF IS A BRITTLE OBJECT .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She was shattered by his death. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She was crushed by what he said. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He broke down in tears. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He went all to pieces. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm very emotionally fragile right now. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She fell apart. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: In this mapping, breaking is becoming inconsolably depressed,in MENTAL SELF IS A BRITTLE OBJECT it is going insane. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B EMOTION IS MOTION .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR motion .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR emotion .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I was moved by the poem. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I went into transports of joy. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 You send me. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: May be related to EMOTIONS ARE REGIONS. Related to STATES ARE LOCATIONS and CAUSED CHANGE OF STATE IS CAUSED MOTION .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B EFFECT ON EMOTIONAL SELF IS CONTACT WITH PHYSICAL SELF .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Feelings. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I was touched. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is related to BEING AFFECTED IS BEING HIT BY THE CAUSE. .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR contact, touch .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR feeling, emotion, effect .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBFolk theories:\fR The remainder of the examples may be evidence for a metaphor of STRONG EMOTION IS PHYSICALLY INCAPACITATING. It's certainly a folk theory. .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B STRONG EMOTIONS ARE MADNESS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR insanity .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR strong emotion .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm crazy with hate .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's out of his mind with grief .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The excitement is driving me over the edge .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She's foaming with rage .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm mad with jealousy .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 1. LOVE IS MADNESS .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm crazy about him. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This perfume drives men out of their minds. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He raves about her. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm just wild about Harry. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She's gone mad over him. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She is madly in love. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. LUST IS MADNESS .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 sex-crazed, sex-maniac .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B STRONG EMOTION IS BLINDING .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He was blinded by love .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She was so angry she couldn't see straight .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 My outlook was clouded with grief .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They were dazzled with excitement .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR vision, blindness .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR strong emotion .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This seems to suggest that seeing clearly is thinking unemotionally .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Candida Ellis (185, '89) .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B EMOTIONAL STABILITY IS BALANCE .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He is unbalanced .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She's not on an even keel .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They're upset .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm a very stable individual .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She's quite level-headed .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR balance .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR emotion stability .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Coherent with GOOD IS UP, EMOTIONAL STABILITY IS CONTACT WITH THE GROUND, and EMOTIONAL STABILITY IS MAINTAINING POSITION .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR J. Long (185, '89), Alan Schwartz .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B EMOTIONAL STABILITY IS CONTACT WITH THE GROUND .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She has her feet on the ground .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Don't let yourself get dislodged/disconnected .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He felt uprooted .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She's drifting .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm up in the air .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's treading water .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I've just had the rug pulled out from under me .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She's flipped .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR contact ground .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR emotion stability .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Inherits STATES ARE LOCATIONS, coherent with GOOD IS UP, EMOTIONAL STABILITY IS BALANCE, and EMOTIONAL STABILITY IS MAINTAINING POSITION .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR J. Long (185, '89), Alan Schwartz .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B EMOTIONAL STABILITY IS MAINTAINING POSITION .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's on the edge .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She came back from the brink .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He went over the edge .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm hanging on by my fingertips .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm on shaky ground .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR location motion .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR emotion stability .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Inherits STATES ARE LOCATIONS, coherent with EMOTIONAL STABILITY IS BALANCE and EMOTIONAL STABILITY IS CONTACT WITH THE GROUND .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR J. Long (185, '89), Alan Schwartz .ps .vs .in .ds LH EMOTION .KE .ds RH Anger .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B ANGER IS HEAT .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR heat .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR anger .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBGrounding:\fR Physiological effects of anger .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She's a real hothead. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB ANGER IS HOT FLUID IN A CONTAINER \fR .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR ANGER IS HEAT and BODY IS CONTAINER FOR EMOTIONS .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 You make my blood boil. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Let her stew. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBKnowledge structures:\fR As heat rises, steam is produced .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She got all steamed up. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's just blowing off steam. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBKnowledge structures:\fR As heat rises, so does fluid level .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He erupted. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He boiled over. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She felt her gorge rising. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBKnowledge structures:\fR As heat rises, so does pressure .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He blew his top. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He exploded. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I can't keep my anger bottled up anymore .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 2:\fB ANGER IS FIRE \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His temper flared up. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His eyes smouldered with rage. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He has a fiery temper. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR WF&DT Case Study 1 .ps .vs .in .ds LH EMOTION .KE .ds RH Hope .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B HOPE IS A BENEFICAL POSSESSION .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Being Hopeful/Hopeless is Having/Not Having Hope .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I have hope that he will return .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I've lost all hope of a solution .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He recovered his hopes for a peace on earth .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We gave up hope .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She clings to the hope that he will return .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Making Someone Hopeful is Giving Them Hope .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He gave me hope to continue .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She held out hope that I would get the promotion .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They offered me hope of a better life .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Strength of Hope is Strength of an object .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They have strong/weak hopes for victory .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Her hopes were shattered/crushed .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Perhaps there is also a HOPE IS A SUPPORTING OBJECT metaphor, motivating "clings to the hope", "held up by hope", and possibly coherent with the shattered/crushed examples .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B HOPE IS A CHILD .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He fosted hope that the project would continue .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She nourished the hope that he would return .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm nursing a hope for a better life .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B HOPE IS LIGHT .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The clouds were a glimmer of hope that rain might come .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He has bright hopes .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I have a very dim hope that he'll recover .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I've been offered a ray/beam of hope .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Most of these analyses are parallel with BELIEF metaphors (i.e. BELIEFS ARE CHILDREN, BELIEFS ARE POSSESSIONS) .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Gretchen Hauck (185, '89) .ps .vs .in .ds LH EMOTION .KE .ds RH Love .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B LOVE IS A JOURNEY .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is a special case of LONGTERM PURPOSEFUL ACTION IS A JOURNEY. See File: LongtermAction. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Progress in the Relationship is Forward Motion .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They are at a crossroads in their relationship. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This relationship isn't going anywhere. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They're in a dead-end relationship. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. The Relationship is a Moving Object. .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP \fBSpecial sub-case 1:\fB The Relationship is an Animal. \fR .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Relationships, like sharks, have to keep moving to stay alive. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP \fBSpecial sub-case 2:\fB The Relationship is a Ship \fR .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This marriage is on the rocks. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP \fBSpecial sub-case 3:\fB The Relationship is a Car \fR .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This relationship has been spinning its wheels for years. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP \fBSpecial sub-case 4:\fB The Relationship is a Train \fR .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Their marriage has really gone off the track. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B LOVE IS A UNITY (OF TWO COMPLEMENTARY PARTS) .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR part-whole .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR love .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR EMOTIONAL INTIMACY IS PHYSICAL CLOSENESS .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We were made for each other .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We are one .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She is my other/better half .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He is a perfect match .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Kovecses, 1986 .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B EMOTIONAL INTIMACY IS PHYSICAL CLOSENESS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR physical, closeness, communication .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR emotion, intimacy .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I feel close to him. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 he is very near and dear to her. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Emotional Distance is Physical Distance .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She can't get close to him. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He keeps everyone at arms length. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He distances himself. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Change Toward Emotional Intimacy is Movement Toward Physical Closeness .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We're moving closer. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We're coming together. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We're closer than we were before. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: COMPROMISE uses the same source domain .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Emotional Bonding is Physical Bonding .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Babies bond to their mothers. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 from marriage ceremony, "..these two are joined as one... they are joined in matrimony" .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Those two lovebirds are inseparable. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 There's been a coming together. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They've developed an attachment. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Change Away from Emotional Intimacy is Movement Away from Physical Closeness .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We're drifting apart. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They've moved away from each other emotionally. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He runs away at the first sign of intimacy. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 5. Emotional Intimacy Is Established By Physical Contact .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We talk and talk, but I can't seem to reach him. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We connect. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He got to her. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I think I'm making contact with him. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm touched. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He touched her with the expensive gift. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: see notes at the end for a communcation metaphor with overlapping source domain. This metaphor has also been called INTIMACY IS ATTACHMENT. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 6. Type of Emotional Effect is (determined by) Manner of Contact .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He tickles her pink with his remarks. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He makes my skin crawl. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He rubs her the wrong way. (involves also People are Animals metaphor) .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Her T-shirt said "Handle with Care". .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He doesn't know how to handle her. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He has to be handled with kid gloves. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He doesn't feel anything so you really have to shake him. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His comment hit Joe right where it hurts. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 7. Avoiding Emotional Effect is Avoiding Contact .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He wraps himself in armor. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He shields himself from any experiences. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He won't let anyone get near him. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 8. Inclinations Toward Intimacy are Forces Toward Closeness .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I was drawn to him. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They are attracted to each other. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: .nf The grounding for the sense of touch to be connected with closeness, subjectivity, intimacy, and emotion is suggested in Sweetser 1989 to be: a)Touch requires physical contact b)Touch responses are subjective c)Touching between people assumes a level of intimacy. d)Pain and Pleasure connect touch with the emotions. The IMAGE of closeness in this metaphor is that of people standing face to face (or perhaps side by side). We would not expect people to have the image of two people standing close but back to back when interpreting "The two of them are very close emotionally." The same source domain of touching used in m5: Emotional Intimacy is Established by physical contact, can also be used on the target domain of communication, with no intimacy necessarily implied: Communication: 1 He's out of touch with everyone. 2 She's in touch with him. 3 I can't reach him by telephone. 4 We've been out of contact for years. The ambiguity thus found in "I reached him". or "We connected" is tolerated; but many of the source domain phrases are specific to one interpretation or the other: "He touched me" cannot mean that he got in touch with me, and likewise "He got in touch with me" is unambiguous. It is not clear how exactly these two mappings are related. Are they part of a larger mapping (they are not unrelated-- establishing communication and establishing emotional intimacy) or are they to be viewed as two separate metaphors? What is NOT MAPPED in Emotional Intimacy is Physical Closeness: Many absolute measurements: *We are a few feet apart, but we're getting closer. *He moved away several yards after we hadn't seen eachother for a few days. (Although we CAN say: We are worlds/a universe apart.) Some kinds of manner of contact: *She pulls my hair out with her nailbiting. *He scratches her with his cutting remarks. *He bites everyone with his comments. Place of touching other than heart, soul or skin (the latter cannot be made explicit) He touches my heart, my soul. He rubs me the wrong way. He tickles me. (In these presumably the skin surface is mapped) *He touches my arm, but nowhere else. *He touches my mind, my brain. This failure to map results from the fact that our emotions are understood to be in our heart or soul, and not in any body part. Thus, in order for the metaphor to make reference to the effect on the emotions, only the seat of the emotions can be explicitly effected. .fi .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR Closeness is also the source domain for metaphors of similarity, solidarity, compromise, agreement, and support. .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Adele Goldberg .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B LOVED ONE IS A POSSESSION .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR possession .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR loved one .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR LOVE IS UNITY? .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 My friend stole my loved one from me. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 You're all I've got. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm going to get him back. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 If you love something, set it free. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Don't let him go. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Why not take all of me? .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm yours--be mine. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B AFFECTION IS WARMTH .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She's a warm person. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They gave me a warm welcome. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He took a while to warm up to me. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 My love for her still smolders (she's an old flame) .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Dislike is Cold .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She was decidedly cool. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He gave me the cold shoulder. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's a real cold fish. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR warmth, heat .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR affection .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B LOVE IS MAGIC .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The magic is gone. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She is bewitching. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Enchanted. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I was entranced. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She charmed him. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR magic .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR love .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B LOVE IS MADNESS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See STRONG EMOTIONS ARE MADNESS in Emotion file .vs .ps .in .fi .ds LH EMOTION .KE .ds RH Lust .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B DESIRES ARE FORCES BETWEEN THE DESIRED AND THE DESIRER .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They were drawn to each other. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He found the brussel sprouts repulsive. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Tom Hanks is very attractive. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 1. The Force may be within the Desirer .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Something in me pulls me toward the wrong kind of man. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. The Force may be within the Desired Entity .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Something about him drew me to him. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Sexuality is a Force between Desired and Desirer. .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I could feel the electricity between us. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 There is a certain chemistry between us. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He has a lot of animal magnetism. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She's giving off very feminine, sexy vibes. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Add the entailment to States are Locations, that Desired States are Desired Locations to this, and you get that purposes pull you. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B LUST IS HEAT .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR INTENSE EMOTIONS ARE HEAT .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR heat .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR lust .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm hot to trot. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm burning with desire. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Lack of lust is coldness .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She was frigid. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B SEXUALITY IS AN OFFENSIVE WEAPON .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She's devastating/ a knockout/ a bombshell .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He melts me (with AFFECTION IS WARMTH). .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's a pistol. (= sexy guy, not the reading "funny guy") .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Beneke, 1982 .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B DESIRE IS HUNGER .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He was drooling over her. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He is sex-starved. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She thirsts for recognition. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 sexual appetite .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He hungers for her touch. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 cheesecake, buns, sugar, meat, dish .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Part of GETTING IS EATING, utilizing various other pieces of knowledge about social interaction. Thus we can imagine proposing a special case: LUST IS HUNGER. .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR hunger, eating .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR desire, lust, getting, sex .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B LUSTFUL PERSON IS AN ANIMAL .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's an animal. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's a real wolf. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 A tigress in bed. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He looks like he's ready to pounce. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She's a bitch in heat. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: The "bitch" example may not belong here: it is motivated by knowledge of animal sexual behavior, while the others are motivated by DESIRE IS HUNGER-- and thus the animal's perceived appetite for FOOD, not literal sex. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B LUSTFUL PERSON IS AN ACTIVATED MACHINE .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 You turn me on. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I've got my motor runnin', baby. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Turn my crank, baby. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Cars seem predominant here--is this because there is perceived progress understood as movement? .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B GAINING PHYSICAL INTIMACY (AGAINST RESISTANCE) IS A COMPETITION .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Sex is an Achievement .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Did you make it with her? .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB GAINING PHYSICAL INTIMACY (AGAINST RESISTANCE) IS A GAME \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Did you score last night? .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He couldn't get to first base with her. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I struck out last night. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She wouldn't play ball. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Touchdown!/Homerun! .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Beneke, 1982 .ps .vs .in .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 2:\fB GAINING PHYSICAL INTIMACY (AGAINST RESISTANCE) IS A WAR \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Sexual conquest. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Better put on my war paint (= make-up) .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He fled from her advances. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She surrendered to him. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He broke down her defences. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Beneke, 1982 .ps .vs .in .ds LH EMOTION .KE .ds RH Miscellaneous Emotion .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B FEAR IS COLD .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He had cold feet .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Her blood ran cold .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 A cold stab of fear went through me .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR cold temparature .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR fear .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Candida Ellis (185, '89) .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B INTERPERSONAL HARMONY IS MUSICAL HARMONY .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They had a harmonious relationship. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Those two are really in synch. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They are out of tune with each other. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We can make beatiful music together. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B DISGUST IS NAUSEA .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBAlternate names:\fR MENTAL DISAFFECTION IS UNPLEASANT VISCERAL REACTION .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR nausea .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR disgust .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 You make me sick! .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His behavior made me want to throw up. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She's a nauseating person. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Is this where we get "obnoxious"? .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B CONCEIT IS INFLATION .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBAlternate names:\fR PRIDE IS SWELLING .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR size .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR conceit .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR IMPORTANT IS LARGE SIZE (thus to seem more important, seem larger) .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She's got an inflated ego/sense of herself .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's a stuffed shirt .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She was puffed up with pride .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He was becoming quite grandiose when I left. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She's got a big/swollen head .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Kovesces, 1986; Alan Schwartz .ps .vs .in .ds LH OTHERS .KE .ds RH Form .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B FORM IS MOTION .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR motion, movement .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR form, shape .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The roof slopes. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The tower leans. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The road bends. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The roof slopes down before it drops off steeply. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB PATHS ARE GUIDES \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The road led me to an inn .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This may be subsumable as a special case of a larger mapping: DISPARITY IS CHANGE. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B SHAPES ARE CONTAINERS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The sketch was in the shape of a heart .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It was a block of chocolate in the form of a cable car. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: But notice you cannot say: The sketch was in a heart. or the form of the cable car ha block of chocolate inside. etc. .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR containers .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR form, shape .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B EXTERNAL APPEARANCE IS A COVER .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The crisis stripped away our veneer of sophistication. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We donned an appearance of nonchallance. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR cover, clothes .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR external appearance, appearance, looks .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Facial Expressions are Covers .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Wipe that smile off your face. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Put on a happy face. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He wore an expression of utter sadness .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His guilt was written all over his face. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His look of amusement was slipping from his face. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 A grimace materialized for no apparent reason, but it melted away before she arrived. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The disquiteting expression was lifted from her face. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It seemed as though a perpetual grin was sewn to his lips. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 A shadow fell across her brow. (= she looked troubled) .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: We understand that a cover may be put on or removed. THis is mapped onto the fact that facial expressions can be formed/unformed and changed. The fact that we have a metaphor that the essence is inside tends to interact with this metaphor--expressions that are merely covers may tend to be understood as insincere or otherwise not genuine. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 1a. The Material of the Cover may be a Fluid .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Wipe that grin off your face. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Some people don't see this as a fluid--it may be a solid too. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 1b. The Material of the Cover may be a Solid: .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His grin melted away. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 1c. Lack of Facial Expression is Lack of Cover .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His face was stripped bare of any emotion. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 1d. Covers Which are Purposefully Put On are Feigned Emotions .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She wore a deceitful mask of gaiety, which hid her true state. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He hid behind a mask of self-rightousness. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Behind a pleasant face there is always a dark secret. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She concealed her anticipation with a convincing look of boredom. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Stances are Covers/Clothes .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He donned an awkward posture. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He shed the muscle-man pose when his leg cramped. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Covers and/or clothes? .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Jane Espenson, Joe Niem(185 student) .ps .vs .in .ds LH OTHERS .KE .ds RH Force .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B FORCE IS A SUBSTANCE DIRECTED AT AN AFFECTED PARTY .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Apply more force to the edge of the lid .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Direct more force at the hinges .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Focus force on the weak spots. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It took a lot of force to open it. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Use more force in driving the nail. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Exert more force on the lock. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Put more force behind your punches. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Back up your punches with more force. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR Causes are Forces .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR substance, mover .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR force .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBEntailments:\fR The amount of force determines the degree of change in the affected party The force is a resource expended in use. Force comes from the party supplying it. Force is the ability to cause. .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B FORCE IS A SUBSTANCE CONTAINED IN AFFECTING CAUSES .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Put more force into your punches. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He said some forceful words. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His punches carry a lot of force. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Each sentence contained the force of an order. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His punches have a lot of force. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Her death hit us all forcefully. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Her death hit us with a lot of force. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The force of the blow knocked me over. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The force added to the swing was enough to send the ball over the fence .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR related to Causes are Forces .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR sustance, contents, container, hitting .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR force .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: The amount of force determines the degree of change in the affected party Either the force or the causal-container can cause the effect. Force is placed in the container by the person who wants the change in the affected party to occur, when there is such a person Force is the ability to cause .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B A FORCE IS A MOVING OBJECT .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .sp .in 5m .XP 1. The Object has a Source: .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Even small magnets are sources of magnetism that can erase credit cards. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. The Object has a Goal and Direction: .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The attractive force of the females' pheromones is directed only at males of the same species. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. The Object May Have an Intention: .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Greed is the strongest evil force at work in the world today. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4. The Object can Hit an Affected Party: .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It takes a long time for force applied at one end of a long train to reach the other end. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 5. The Object can Move an Affected Party in its Own Direction: .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The magnetic force pulled at the horseshoe. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The centrifugal force pushed the coin to the edge of the disk. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 6. The Object can Hold/Control the Affected Party: .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The force of the tractor beam held the shuttlecraft motionless. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The force of his hypnotic words had me in its grip. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 7. The Strength of the Object Determines its Ability to Affect Affected Party. .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The force of gravity on the moon is much weaker. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Big magnets emit strong, undeniable forces. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 8. ?The Size of the Object Determines its Ability of Affect Affected Party. .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 ?Gravity is a much larger force than wind resistance. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Interacts with CAUSES ARE FORCES. See File: Causation .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR object, mover .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR force .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR JE .ps .vs .in .ds LH OTHER .KE .ds RH Humor .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B LAUGHTER IS A SUBSTANCE .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR substance .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR laughter .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Potential Laughter is a Substance inside the Person .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 You can't get a single joke out of him. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's full of laughs. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She let out a big laugh. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Potential Laughter that is not Expressed Builds Pressure inside the Person .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I cannot hold my laughter for much longer. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It's hard not to laugh but try to keep it in. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Laughter may Burst Forth from the Person .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The audience was bursting with laughter. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He was ripping with laughter. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He exploded with laughter. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He busted a gut laughing. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He had a hemorrhage over that one. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I split my sides laughing. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She had me in stiches. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBGrounding:\fR That this explosion often comes from the stomach area may be motivated by the fact that hard laughter makes that area shake, and may even cause pain. .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Laughter is a Substance that Comes from the Laugher .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Laughter filled the room. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The giggling was quite widespread in the classroom. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Laughter is contagious. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR This metaphor shares many of the same elements as the metaphors for anger. It is possible that they may be generalized. .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Joe Niem (185), Hana Filip, AG .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B EFFECTS OF HUMOR ARE INJURIES .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR injury .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR humor .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The comedian knocked them over. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She hit them with tremendous one-liners. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The performance killed them. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That joke really slayed me. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She nearly died of laughter. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Stop telling those jokes, you're killing me. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ds LH OTHERS .KE .ds RH Illness .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B TREATING ILLNESS IS FIGHTING A WAR .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR war .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR illness, treatment, medicine .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 1. The Disease is an Enemy .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 2. The Body is a Battleground .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The body is not immune to invasion .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The disease infiltrates your body and takes over. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Infection is an Attack by the Disease .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His body was under seige by AIDS. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He was attacked by an unknown virus. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The virus began an attack on the organ systems. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Medicine is a Weapon .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The so-called cure is no magic bullet. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 5. Medical Procedures are Attacks by the Patient .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The doctors tried to wipe out the infection. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 6. The Immune System is a Defense .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The body normally has its own defenses. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 7. Winning the War is Being Cured of the Disease .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Beating measles takes patience .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 8. Being Defeated is Dying .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The patient finally gave up the battle. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBKnowledge structures:\fR War legitimates all strategies and any means .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Tony Moy, Susan Sontag for examples .ps .vs .in .ds LH OTHER .KE .ds RH Intoxication .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B EUPHORIC STATES ARE UP .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR verticality .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR euphoria .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's really high .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She's coming down .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR This is a restricted subcase of HAPPY IS UP. .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B INTOXICATION IS GETTING DESTROYED .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR destruction .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR intoxication .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He is stoned .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He is bombed .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He got thrashed .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He was wrecked .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He was destroyed .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He was blitzed .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He was smashed .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B INTOXICATION IS GETTING BURNED/COOKED .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR cooking, heat .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR intoxication .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They were baked. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They were fried. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They were toasted. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They were stewed. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B INTOXICATION IS BECOMING ELECTRIFIED .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR electrification .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR intoxication .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He was wired. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He was lit. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 "It's the electric waitress" (said about a waitress on LSD) .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B INTOXICATION IS GETTING A BURDEN .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR burden .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR intoxication .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She was loaded. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She was tanked up. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ds LH OTHERS .KE .ds RH Light Dark .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B LIGHT IS A FLUID .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Sunlight poured into the room. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The stage was flooded with light. (Floodlights) .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He soaked up some sun. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Pools of light were scattered across the clearing. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The clearing was splashed with light. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He went sunbathing. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Light was seeping in around the door of the darkroom. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR fluid, liquid, water .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR light, lightness, sunlight .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Is this a special case of a LIGHT IS A SUBSTANCE metaphor? .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B DARKNESS IS A SOLID .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The darkness was palpable. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We had to feel our way through the darkness. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The light shone through the darkness. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The darkness was inpenetrable. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Darkness pressed in on all sides. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Darkness closed in on us. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR solid, substance .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR dark, darkness, black, blackness .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Is this a special case of DARKNESS IS A SUBTANCE? Is DARKNESS IS A COVER part of this? Are all of the examples above part of the same thing? Note: inpenetrable means "to the eyes" and is related to SEEING IS TOUCHING. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B DARKNESS IS A COVER .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Under cover of darkness. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He was enveloped in darkness. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Darkness closed in over us. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR cover .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR dark, darkness .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Part of DARKNESS IS A SOLID? .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B LIGHT IS A LINE .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR line .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR light .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Sunbeams .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 rays of light .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB LIGHT MOVES FROM LIGHT SOURCE \fR .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR This is FORM IS MOTION and LIGHT IS A LINE .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The lamp throws a lot of light. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The light source. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Direct more light over here. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Where is that light coming from? .ps 14 .vs 16 .ds LH OTHER .KE .ds RH Machines .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B MACHINES ARE PEOPLE .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR person .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR machine .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Degree of Functioning is Health - The blender just died - His engine came to life - This battery has a life of 3 years - Her typewriter is sick - The typewriter went crazy .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP \fBSpecial sub-case 1:\fB Destructive Computer Code is a Virus \fR .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 1a. The Destructive Program is a Virus .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 1b. Copying Itself is Viral Replication .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 1c. Affected Code is Infected .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 1d. Inactive Programs are Dormant .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 1e. Eradicating the Program is Killing the Virus .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 1f. Code to Prevent Damaging Code from Working is a Vaccine .in 7m .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is an expert metaphor: virus programs are defined as those which have certain metaphorical features: self-replicating, destructive, and attached to normal (executable) programs. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Cessation of function is Killing - Kill the lights, music, etc. .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Calculation is Thinking - My computer is thinking about the problem - The thermostat figures out how to adjust the temperature .in 7m .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB Computers/Programs are Intelligent People with Independent Wills \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 "ROM looks for purged menus." .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 "Memory manager can throw them away if it needs the space" .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 "Resource manager tries to load. . ." .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 "...where the application would like the new object to go..." .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 "the memory manager does not relocate objects just for the hell of it" .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 "the compiler knows..." .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 "the memory manager understands" .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 "the memory manager is actually pretty smart." .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 My PC's personality is defined by its ROM .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The Mac is user-friendly .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This metaphor works for both computers and their programs, depending on the expertise of the speaker in the domian of computers. Thus an expert speaker might personify the compiler, while a less expert speaker might personify the program, and a novice might personify the whole computer. .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBGrounding:\fR Computers appear to do complex behaviors on their own. .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBFolk theories:\fR People's behavior is based on their personality. .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBFolk theories:\fR Events are Actions .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Student paper--examples from computer manual, Alan Schwartz .ps .vs .in .ds LH OTHER .KE .ds RH Money .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B MONEY IS A LIQUID .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Cash is a Liquid .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 liquid assets .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 currency (see OED) .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 liquidating assets .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 My money is all dried up .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's just sponging off of you (absorbing cash) .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's solvent/insolvent .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Gain/Loss of Money is Movement of a Liquid .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 cash flow .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 influx and outflux of money .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Don't pour your money down the drain .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Money which cannot be accessed is Frozen .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 frozen assets .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 price freeze .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Control in a Financial Situation is Control in Liquid .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 keep your head above water, financially .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 get in over your head .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 stay afloat .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 the business went under/sunk .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 drowning in debts .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B INVESTMENTS ARE CONTAINERS FOR MONEY .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Put your money in bonds .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The bottom of the economy dropped out .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm down to my bottom dollar .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This is an sirtight investment. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: MORE IS UP is involved here somewhere .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Joining another on an investment is mixing liquids .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We pooled our funds for the venture .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: The two metaphors above form a coherent system, INVESTMENTS ARE CONTAINERS FOR LIQUIDS, which gives "pour money into bonds", "tap into a source of funds", and "all tapped out". .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Lynn Stanton (185, '89) .ps .vs .in .ds LH OTHERS .KE .ds RH Morality .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B MORALITY IS STRAIGHTNESS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Being moral is being straight. .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's straight. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I think he's being straight with me. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Being immoral is being crooked. .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's a crooked businessman. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR straightness, path, straight path .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR morality, morals, goodness .ps .vs .in .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB MORALITY IS A STRAIGHT PATH \fR .in 5m .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Walking on the path is being moral. .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's gone straight. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's on the straight and narrow path. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Diverging from the path is being immoral. .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He is a deviant. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She has strayed. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Interacts with EVENT STRUCTURE (LOCATION CASE) See file: EventStructLoc .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B MORALITY IS CLEANLINESS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's Mr. Clean. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He has a blot on his past/ a clean past. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His reputation is besmirched. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He doesn't want to get his hands dirty. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His record is spotless. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The magazine got the dirt about him. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR clean, cleanliness .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR morality, morals, goodness .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Interacts with LIFE IS A BOOK .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B MORALITY IS PURITY .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He is as pure as the driven snow. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She is of pure heart. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR purity, pure .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR morality, morals, goodness .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B MORAL IS UP / IMMORAL IS DOWN .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Upright .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 On the up and up .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 On a high moral plain .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Above board .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 high-minded .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 upstanding citizen .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 underhanded/low trick .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I wouldn't stoop to that. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That would be beneath me. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 an abyss of depravity. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is not the same as GOOD IS UP. We need a separate GOOD IS UP to account for "high-quality work". .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR up .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR moral, morality, morals, goodness .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR MWLB, Kathy G. .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B GOOD IS UP / BAD IS DOWN .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 High-quality work. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 My cake will never be up there with hers. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His work has really been slipping/sliding/slumping. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See Competition .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR up .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR good, goodness, bad, badness .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B MORAL ACCOUNTING .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Doing Moral Deeds is Accumulating Credit:Putting Money into Society. .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He worked hard on that account: they owe him a vacation. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I deserve something for all the good deeds I've done. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The system cheated him. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He deserves credit for his efforts. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It's to your credit. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Doing Immoral Deeds is Accumulating Debt:Taking Money from Society. .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He owes a debt to society. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 You have to pay for your mistakes. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Benefitting is Accumulating Debt. .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He is indebted to her for her help. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I couldn't possibly repay your kindness. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Moral Debt can be Paid Off with Moral Deeds:Paying Back the Money. .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'll make it up to everyone for what I've done. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I want to give back to society what I took from it. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 5. Moral Debt can be Paid Off with Punishment:The Society Taking Money from You .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He reentered society with a clean slate. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Haven't I paid enough for my mistakes? .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They exacted the debt from his hide. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 6. Moral Account is Record of Transactions .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Take into account all the good things he's done. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm holding you accountable. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His lying counts against him in my book. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR debt, accounting, balance .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR morality, immorality, morals .ps .vs .in .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB RECIPROCATION--"One Good Turn. . ." \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I owe you a favor for that good deed. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 You saved my life! How could I ever repay you? .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 You've been so kind; I'm deeply indebted to you. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Your generous acts have earned you my respect. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I owe you more than you'll ever know, for what you've done for me. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 2:\fB RETRIBUTION--"You'll get yours" \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'll pay you back for what you did to me. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I owe you one for that insult. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The wages of sin is death. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 You'll get what you deserve for that! .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 You'll get what's coming to you. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 3:\fB RESTITUTION--"I'll make up for it" \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 You owe me an apology for your rudeness. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I demand an apology. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'll make up for any harm I've done. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 One mistake cost me years of suffering. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 4:\fB REVENGE-- "An eye for an eye" \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'll make you pay for what you did! .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'll take it out of your hide. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He'll get even with you for this. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Take revenge. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 5:\fB ALTRUISM/CHARITY \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She never expects anything for what she's done. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B GOODNESS IS LIGHT / BADNESS IS DARKNESS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The dark side of the force. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The future looks brighter. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Look on the bright side. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He has a dark and glowering disposition. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR light, dark, lightness, darkness, bright, brightness .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR good, bad, goodness, badness, evil, morality .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Related to GOODNESS IS WHITE/BADNESS IS BLACK and possibly MORALITY IS PURITY. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B GOODNESS IS WHITE/ BADNESS IS BLACK .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 White magic/black magic .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 a black-hearted scoundrel .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR white, black .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR good, bad .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: The white vs. black hat phenomenon comes from this, probably via a folk theory in which outer appearance reflects internal properties (which in turn relies on the metaphor that the essence is internal). .vs .ps .in .fi .ds LH OTHERS .KE .ds RH People .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B PEOPLE ARE PLANTS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She's a late bloomer. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She is in the flower of youth. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's a budding artist. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She's past her bloom. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The grim reaper. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She's let herself go to seed. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR plants .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR people .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B PEOPLE ARE MACHINES .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He had a breakdown. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Her ticker is weak. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I wonder what makes him tick. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Fuel up with a good breakfast. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I feel all run down. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's wound up tight as a spring. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR machines .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR people, bodies, body .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Some of this is specific to bodies--Need separate BODIES ARE MACHINES. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B PEOPLE/BODIES ARE BUILDINGS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 There's not much going on upstairs. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 There's snow on the roof, but a fire in the furnace. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Eyes are windows to the soul. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 (attested) Suck in those front porches (stomachs). .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She has quite a build. (??) .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is some kind of an image mapping, but the two things mapped are actually very visually dissimilar. .vs .ps .in .fi .ds LH OTHERS .KE .ds RH Possession .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B POSSESSING IS HOLDING .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR holding .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR possessing, having, possessions .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Trying to Get is Trying to Grab .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's been trying to get his hands on the property for years. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Ability to Get (Purchasing Power) is Ability to Grab (Length of Reach) .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 A really first-rate sports car is still out of my reach. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Getting is Grabbing .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Land grab .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Possessing is Holding .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His stock holdings are nicely diversified. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He keeps a tight grip on his valuable stocks. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 5. Retaining a Possession is Retaining a Held Object .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Backruptcy does allow you to keep ahold of your car and house. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Even in backruptcy he managed to hang onto his car collection. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 6. Giving up a Possession is Letting go of a Held Object .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I've decided to drop some of my riskier stocks. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm going to have to let go of some of my property holdings. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 LA won't release its hold on lucrative water rights. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: It is not clear why this does not work with some possesions: *I've decided to drop/let go of my sports car. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 7. Having Possesions Taken is Having Held Objects Taken .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Bankruptcy can strip you of your stock holdings. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 8. Giving Possessions is Giving Held Objects .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Her Aunt's will dropped unexpected assets in her lap. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I've handed over all of my property and land to my niece. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Jane Espenson .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B GETTING IS EATING .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR eating, food .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR getting, taking .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Cough up the money you owe me! .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I've been feeding him funds illegally for a year. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Desire is Hunger .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's drooling over a new car .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The job is a mouth-watering opportunity .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 honey, sugar, sweetie (used for desired people) .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Getting is Eating can interact with many metaphors whose source domain is reception. For example: Getting a Property is Getting a Possession + Getting is Eating = Getting a Property is Eating. See the file: Change Perception is Reception + Getting is Eating = Perceiving is Eating See this mapping in the file: Perception. Learning is Reception + Getting is Eating = Learning is Eating See the Files on this: MentalObj or Ideas Responsibilities are Object + Getting is Eating = Taking on Responsibilities is Eating. See File: Responsibitlies. Conduit + Getting is Eating = Receiving Opinion is Eating??? See: MentalObj Treatment is a Transferred Object + Getting is Eating = Acting on is Eating. See: Acting On .vs .ps .in .fi .ds LH OTHERS .KE .ds RH Problems .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B A PROBLEM IS A LOCKED CONTAINER FOR ITS SOLUTION .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR container .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR problem, solving .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR Interacts with CENTRAL IS IMPORTANT and CENTRAL IS TRUE and A PROBLEM IS AN OBJECT, and maybe UNDERSTANDING IS GRASPING, etc. Especially with CREATING IS MAKING ACCESSIBLE--probably a special case of CAUSAL SOURCE AS CONTAINER .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBEntailments:\fR The solution is contained within the problem, so there's no need to look elsewhere .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 1. The Solution is Contained in the Problem .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We have to look deeply into this problem for its solution. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Solving a Problem Involves Opening an Object .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The detective set out to crack the case. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I'm going to break this case wide open. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Means to Solving is Means to Opening .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He finally found the key to the problem. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Difficulty is Hardness of Object .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That's a hard problem. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I found his explanation impenetrable. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 5. Discovered Solution is Removed from Container .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The truth finally came out. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The truth emerged. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B A PROBLEM IS A REGION IN A LANDSCAPE .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR location .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR problem .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Investigating a Problem is Exploring a Landscape .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We've got to explore this problem. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We've got to survey the problem. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Let's map out the problem before we do anything else. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Trying to Solve a Problem is Looking for Solution in the Landscape .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I think we're headed in the right direction. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 How close are we to finding a solution? .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The solution still lies far ahead. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We aren't getting any nearer to an answer. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Let's not leave any stone unturned. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Approaches to a Solution are Paths in Landscape (a.k.a. Reasoning is Following a Path, Thinking is Moving) .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Let's follow this line of thinking. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Are we all thinking along the same lines. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Don't go off on tangents. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Let's get our thinking back on track. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Are we all going in the same direction? .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Evidence is a Guide in the Search .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The evidence all points in the same direction. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This evidence doesn't tell us where to start. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The evidence led us straight to the killer. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 5. Failing to Solve is Failing to Locate Object in Landscape .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We're going around in circles. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The answer could be right in front of us, we're just not seeing it. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is a Superordinate Metaphor. It has a special case where the solution is a mobile entity, and one where the solution is buried. .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB Solution is a Mobile Entity in Landscape \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We finally tracked down a solution. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It was an elusive answer. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The answer kept evading us. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR see SEEKING IS HUNTING, IDEAS ARE MOVING OBJECTS. .ps .vs .in .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 2:\fB Solution is Object Buried in Landscape. \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This problem has a buried solution. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He unearthed the answer. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The solution finally was brought to light. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He uncovered the answer. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He dug into the problem. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He dug for the solution. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR Also related to Mental metaphor of IDEAS ARE LOCATIONS .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B A PROBLEM IS A BODY OF WATER .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR body of water .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR problem .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This may be a special case of PROBLEM IS A REGION IN A LANDSCAPE .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Investigating Problem is Exploring Water .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He dived right into the problem. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He really immersed himself in the problem. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Difficulty in Solving is Difficulty in Exploring Water .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The problem itself is murky. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The murky waters of the investigation frustrated him. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Trying to Solve is Looking for Object in Water .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He'd been fishing for the answer for weeks. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He kept coming up empty. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Solving is Finding Object in Water .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Finally the answer surfaced. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 5. The Solution is an Object in Water .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The answer's just floating around out there. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Jane Espenson .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B PROBLEM IS A TANGLE .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR tangle, cloth, knot .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR problem .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 A knotty problem. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 A tangled problem. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Solving is Untangling .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He untangled the problem. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He unraveled the problem. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBGrounding:\fR GENERIC IS SPECIFIC .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: The Solution doesn't seem to be mapped here. .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Jane Espenson .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B PROBLEM IS A CONSTRUCTED OBJECT .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR constructed object, manufactured object .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR problem .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR IDEAS ARE COMPLEX OBJECTS .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Aspects of Problem are Components of Object .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Let's look at the make-up of this problem. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Let's look at all the components of the problem. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 A lot of factors went into creating this problem. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Investigating Problem is Disassembling Object .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He took the problem apart piece by piece. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Trying to Solve is Looking for Solution in Object .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He tore the problem apart looking for its solution. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Jane Espenson .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B PROBLEM IS A TARGET .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR target .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR problem .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Presenting Problem is Setting up Target .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He set up a problem for us. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Trying to Solve Problem is Shooting at Target .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The mayor targetted the problem of homelessness. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He took aim at the problem. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He spearheaded the investigation. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Solving is Striking a Solution .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He hit upon a solution. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He took a stab at the answer. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 You hit it right on the head. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR IMPORTANT IS CENTRAL .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: "took a stab at" may not belong here. I wish there were more evidence for this metaphor. Where is the evidence that the solution is part of the target here? You might say "bull's eye" when someone guesses something correctly, I guess. .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Jane Espenson .ps .vs .in .ds LH OTHERS .KE .ds RH Relationship .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B RELATIONSHIP IS KINSHIP .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB SOMETHING HAVING AN ABSTRACT PROPERTY IS A CHILD OF THAT PROPERTY \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Child of evil .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR kinship .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR properties .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Turner (1987) .ps .vs .in .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 2:\fB THE WHOLE IS THE MOTHER OF THE PARTS \fR .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Turner (1987) .ps .vs .in .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 3:\fB MEMBERS OF A NATURAL GROUP ARE SIBLINGS \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Death is the brother of sleep .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Turner (1987) .ps .vs .in .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 4:\fB A PRIOR RELATED THING IS AN OLDER SIBLING \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Darkness is light's elder brother .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Turner (1987) .ps .vs .in .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 5:\fB WHAT SPRINGS FROM SOMETHING IS ITS OFFSPRING \fR .in 5m .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Causes are Parents, Effects are Offspring .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Age is the mother of sickness .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Conditions are Parents, Results are Offspring .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Filth is the mother of stench .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. The Subsequent Thing is the Offspring of the Initial Thing .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 May, that modr of mothes glade .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: See File: Causation .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Turner (1987) .ps .vs .in .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: The Turner reference is Death is the Mother of Beauty by Mark Turner, Univ. of Chicago Press: 1987 .vs .ps .in .fi .ds LH OTHERS .KE .ds RH Responsibilities .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B OBLIGATIONS ARE POSSESSIONS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I have a lot of responsibilities. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That's his problem now. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR possessions, burdens .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR obligations, duties, responsibilities .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Obligations Are Carried In The Hands .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I wash my hands of the whole matter. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It's out of my hands now. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 My hands are already full with just the work I have now. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Obligations are Burdens (on shoulder or back) .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's loaded with responsibilities. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He shouldered the task with ease. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's weighed down with obligations. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's carrying a heavy load at work. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I have to get out from under my obligations. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I have a pressing obligation. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He bears the responsibility for the success of this mission. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Obligations are Burdens (on lap) .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I dumped that project in his lap. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Assigning Obligation Is Giving Possessions .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He handed out the responsibilties evenly to everyone in the office. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He distributed the duties among the staff. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I gave him the responsibilty for that account. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He doled out the unpleasant duties freely. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 5. Being Assigned Obligation is Receiving Burdens .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 It fell to me to inform her of the tragedy. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Don't fob that job off on me. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Don't push that job off on me. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He loaded me with duties. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 6. Being Assigned Obligation Is Being Placed Near Object .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They held him to his obligations. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 7. Obligations Are Children .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The setting of salaries is his baby. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I thought you were going to take care of that problem. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's been neglecting his duties. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 That's his pet project. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I have obligations to tend to. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: The last submetaphor is all messed up--"his baby" and "pet project" don't merely mean "obligation." Note that this is related to CONTROLLING IS HAVING IN HAND. Notice that "obligation" above always means responsibilty for some task to be done in the future. There is another kind of responsibility, however, taking responsibility (either credit or blame) for something that has already occured. This kind is involved in the metaphor to follow. .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR .ps .vs .in Jane Espenson .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B RESPONSIBILITIES ARE POSSESSIONS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I was the one who got the blame. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He took all the credit. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The credit is all yours. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR burdens, possessions .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR responsibilities, duties .ps .vs .in .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Responsibilities Are Burdens .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He was forced to bear the blame for the fire. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His partners in crime fobbed it all off on him. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He was left holding the bag. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I was left saddled with the blame. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Responsibilities Are Attached To Person Held Responsible. .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They made the charges stick. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They pinned the murder on him. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's a Teflon president. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Responsibilties Are Placed Near Person Held Responsible .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 They lay the blame at his door. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The blame/credit lies with him. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Receiving Credit or Blame (Responsibility) Is Getting Object .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 The blame fell to me. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I was given the credit for it. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 0m .XP \fBSpecial case 1:\fB Taking on Responsibilities is Eating \fR .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This time I really bit off more than I could chew. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's a man with too much on his plate (attested) .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: This is an interaction of Resposibilities as Objects and Getting is Eating. .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR .ps .vs .in Jane Espenson .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B OBLIGATIONS ARE CONTAINERS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 What obligations have you gotten yourself into? .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Can you get out of doing the dishes? .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I can't get out of it, I'm locked into it. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Try to get out of those committments; don't let your boss box you in. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 There's no way out; I have to do it. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He trapped her into going with her. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He made/fixed/arranged it so that she couldn't get out of it. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Do you know what you're getting into? .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Future Committments are Containers? Could EXCUSE as in "please excuse me" be related to EXCUSE of "Don't give me any excuses" by this metaphor? .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Adele Goldberg .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B OBLIGATIONS ARE FORCES .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 I was forced to do it. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBRelated metaphors:\fR See Causation stuff .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR forces .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR obligations, responsibilities .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B COMPLIENCE IS ADHERENCE .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He stuck by his word. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He adhered to his contract. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR adherence .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR compliance .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B COMPLIENCE IS FOLLOWING .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He went along with what he was told to do. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He followed his orders. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR following .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR compliance .ps .vs .in .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B COMPLIENCE IS TIGHTNESS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He runs a tight ship. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's a real slacker. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He runs a slack ship. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ds LH OTHERS .KE .ds RH Self .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B THE BODY IS A CONTAINER FOR THE SELF .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR container .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR body .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's a young man trapped in an old man's body. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He withdraws into himself. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She found a chink in his armor. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Once you get past his rude exterior, you'll find a warm and caring person inside. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's a beautiful person inside. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B ASPECTS OF THE SELF ARE DISTINCT INDIVIDUALS .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBSource Domain:\fR people .ps .vs .in .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBTarget Domain:\fR self .ps .vs .in .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He's at war with himself over the decision whether to move. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He talked himself into it. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He finally got a grip on himself. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 His scientific self is at odds with his artistic side. .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: Here we should leave open the possibility that the construction: x's adj self involves a metonomy, not a metaphor) .vs .ps .in .fi .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B PERSONALITY IS MATERIAL .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 This will test his mettle. (see OED) .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He has a heart of gold. .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 She is made of tougher stuff. .ps 14 .vs 16 .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR GL .ps .vs .in .ds LH OTHERS .KE .ds RH Society .bp .sp .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B SOCIAL ACCOUNTING .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .sp .in 5m .XP 1. Achieving Purpose is Getting Money .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 He profitted from experience. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 2. Actions that Promote Well-being are Payments .in 7m .sp .in 5m .XP 3. Duties are Debts .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 We all owe filial obligations. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 4. Rights are Guarantees .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Our rights guarantee us certain freedoms. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .in 5m .XP 5. Exchanges of rights are contracts .in 7m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 Social contract. .ps 14 .vs 16 .sp .KE .KS .in 0m .XP .ft B SOCIETY IS A BODY .ft 1 .sp .in 5m .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 the health of society .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 social ills .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 social death; the death of society .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 social recovry .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 the nation is in a depression .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 our society is making great strides .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 the head of society/ head of state .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 the body politic .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 the sick society .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 social afflictions .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 nurse our nation back to health .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 social maddness/insanity .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 give society a shot in the arm .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 China finally stood up and was noticed .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 social paralysis .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 cancer on society .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 backbone of society .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 bowels of society .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 spies are the eyes and ears of a society .ps 14 .vs 16 .XP .ps 12 .vs 14 the Voice of America (radio station) .ps 14 .vs 16 .nf .in 2.5i .ps 10 .vs 12 .sp Note: mapping: body society heart central element of society (essential to function) head intelligensia/ruling group disease social malaise/problem health absence of social problem birth inception death collapse medicine cure for social problem cancer social disruption from inside that spreads slowly and invisibly infection spread of dangerous ideas or beliefs Parts of society itself are the doctors or caretakers of society what does it mean to be healthy, normally functioning? entails that some groups within society may be viewed as sources of disease. .vs .ps .in .fi .ps 10 .vs 12 .in 2.5i .sp \fBBibliography:\fR Tony Moy, Susan Sontag .ps .vs .in .KE